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Figure 6 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 6. Ventral (A) and lateral (B) views of head of adult male Melanophryne barbatula (MHNSM 19905) to show distribution of spines on head.

Figure 9 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 9. Prominent heterotopic cartilage at tibiofibular– tarsal joint (heel) in Melanophryne barbatula (MHNSM 19903, A, right heel; B, left heel with skin removed).

Figure 17 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 17. Hyoids of Melanophryne in ventral view. A, Melanophyrne barbatula (MHNSM 19903). B, Melanophryne carpish (KU 45614). Black and white stipple represents bone, whereas grey tone is cartilage; stippling in grey represents mineralization of the cartilage. Dashed line is reconstruction of left hyale, which was destroyed in preparation. ant proj, anterior projection; antlat proc, anterolateral process; hyogl mem, hyoglossal membrane; hyogl sinus, hyoglossal sinus; post proj, posterior projection; postlat proc, posterolateral process; postmed proc, posteromedial process.

Figure 5 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 5. Adult male Melanophryne barbatula (MHNSM 19904, holotype) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Photos by F. Höhler.

Figure 16 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 16. Crania of Melanophryne. Melanophryne barbatula (MHNSM 19903) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) aspects. Melanophryne carpish (KU 45614) in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) aspects. Black and white stipple represents bone, whereas grey tone is cartilage; stippling in grey represents mineralization of the cartilage. Abbreviations as in Figure 10.

Figure 4 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 4. Map of Peru showing distribution of Melanophryne carpish (1, Departamento de Huánuco: Cordillera de Carpish: 09°43′19″S, 76°05′67″W, 2750−2960 m; 2, Departamento de Amazonas: Laguna de los Cóndores: 06°50′49″S, 77°41′40″W, 2870 m), and M. barbatula (3, Departamento de Pasco: Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén, c. 2500 m).

Figure 15 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 15. Dorsal views of right hands and feet of Nelsonophryne. Nelsonophryne aequatorialis (KU 178288) hand (A) and foot (B). Nelsonophryne aterrima (KU 30773) hand (C) and foot (D). Bones are shown in white and grey denotes cartilage. C1–4, Carpals 1–4; ph, prehallux; pp, prepollex; r, radiale; T1–3, Tarsals 1–3; u, ulnare; Y, Element Y.

Figure 3 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 3. Adult female Melanophryne carpish (MHNSM 20699, holotype) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Photos by B. Bastian.

Figure 2 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 2. Body shapes of Nelsonophryne and Melanophryne in dorsal aspect. A, Nelsonophryne aequatorialis (KU 178289). B, N. aterrima (KU 30775). C, Melanophryne barbatula (MTD 45944). D, M. carpish (MHNSM 20699).

Figure 7 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 7. Ventral views of hand (A) and foot (B) of Melanophryne barbatula (MHNSM 19005). omt, outer metatarsal tubercle.

Figure 8 in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 8. Dorsal views of hand of (A) male Melanophryne barbatula (MHNSM 19904) and (B) female M. barbatula (MTD 45944).

Figure 1. A in Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Günther 1901) and a new genus from Peru

Figure 1. A, Nelsonophryne aequatorialis (KU 121056, SVL 36.5 mm), photo by J. D. Lynch. B, N. aterrima, photo by K.-H. Jungfer. C, Melanophryne carpish (MTD 45614, SVL 33.7 mm), photo by E. Lehr.

Figure 72 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 72. Comparative drawings of the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos (Carroll, 2000b), the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia, and the primitive living caecilian Ichthyophis (F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007, in press). A, D, G, H, dorsal, palatal, lateral, and occipital views of Rhynchonkos. B, E, dorsal and palatal views of Eocaecilia. C, F, dorsal and lateral views of Ichthyophis.

Figure 74 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 74. Comparative reconstructions of the skeletons of (A), the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos [reproduced from Carroll & Gaskill (1978)], and (B) the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia [reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press)].

Figure 76 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 76. Ranges of occurrence of major Carboniferous amphibian clades, based on the 2004 geological time scale of Gradstein et al. (2004).

Figure 78 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 78. Tree resulting from swapping branches of the originally most parsimonious cladogram generated by PAUP to accord with the relationships based on the pattern of nested synapomorphies. Numbers of addition steps required for each swap calculated by Mesquite (Maddison & Maddison, 2004).

Figure 67 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 67. Amphibamus grandiceps (United States National Museum 4400). A, dorsal view of skull, showing ossification of the circumorbital bones prior to the breakdown of the calcium carbonate in the endolymphatic ducts. B, ventral view of skeleton, showing infillings of the stomach and intestine. Reproduced from Milner (1982).

Figure 70. The Lower Carboniferous temnospondyl Balanerpeton. A, B in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 70. The Lower Carboniferous temnospondyl Balanerpeton. A, B, skull in dorsal and palatal views. C, D, lower jaw in lateral and medial views. E, reconstruction of skeleton. F, G, lower forelimbs and hindlimbs. Reproduced from Milner & Sequeira (1994).

Figure 68 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 68. Skull and skeleton of Dendrerpeton, an early temnospondyl amphibian from the Westphalian A of Joggins, Nova Scotia. Reproduced from Holmes et al. (1998).

Figure 69 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 69. Middle ear of temnospondyls. A, lateral view of the skull of the Westphalian A Dendrerpeton, showing the area scanned to produce images B–E (unpublished images based on data from Robinson, 2005). B, lateral view of the braincase and right stapes, shown as if the right cheek were removed. C–E, left stapes in posterior, anterior, and medial views. F, G, posterior and medial views of the left stapes of the Lower Permian Doleserpeton. Reproduced from Lombard & Bolt (1988).