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2,206 results for “Communications”
Synaptic organization of cortico-cortical communication in primates
<p class="western">In cortical circuitry synaptic communication across areas is based on two types of axon terminals, small and large, with modulatory and driving roles, respectively. In contrast, it is not known whether similar synaptic specializations exist for intra-areal projections. Using anterograde tracing and three-dimensional reconstruction by electron microscopy (3D-EM) we asked if large boutons form synapses in the circuit of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1. In contrast to observations in macaque visual cortex, light microscopy showed both small and large boutons not only in inter-areal pathways, but also in long-distance intrinsic connections. 3D-EM showed that correlation of surface and volume provides a powerful tool for classifying cortical endings. Principal component analysis supported this observation and highlighted the significance of the size of mitochondria as a distinguishing feature of bouton type. The larger mitochondrion and higher degree of perforated postsynaptic density associated with large rather than to small boutons support the driver-like function of large boutons. In contrast to bouton size and complexity, the size of the postsynaptic density appeared invariant across the bouton types. Comparative studies in human supported that size is a major distinguishing factor of bouton type in the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, the driver-like function of the large endings could facilitate fast dissemination of tactile information within the intrinsic and inter-areal circuitry of areas 3b and 1.<span> </span></p>
Data from: Losing the trait without losing the signal: evolutionary shifts in communicative colour signalling
Colour signalling traits are often lost over evolutionary time, perhaps because they increase vulnerability to visual predators or lose relevance in terms of sexual selection. Here, we used spectrometric and phylogenetic comparative analyses to ask whether four independent losses of a sexually selected blue patch are spectrally similar, and whether these losses equate to a decrease in conspicuousness or to loss of a signal. We found that patches were lost in two distinct ways: either increasing reflectance primarily at very long or at very short wavelengths, and that species with additional colour elements (UV, green and pink) may be evolutionary intermediates. In addition, we found that patch spectral profiles of all species were closely-aligned with visual receptors in the receiver's retina. We found that loss of the blue patch makes males less conspicuous in terms of chromatic conspicuousness, but more conspicuous in terms of achromatic contrast, and that sexual dimorphism often persists regardless of patch loss. Dorsal surfaces were considerably more cryptic than were ventral surfaces, and species in which male bellies were the most similar in conspicuousness to their dorsal surfaces were also the most sexually dimorphic. These results emphasise the consistent importance of sexual selection and its flexible impact on different signal components through evolutionary time.
Neural activity during a simple reaching task in macaques is counter to gating and rebound in basal ganglia-thalamic communication
<div class="page"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Task-related activity in the ventral thalamus, a major target of basal ganglia output, is often assumed to be permitted or triggered by changes in basal ganglia activity through gating- or rebound-like mechanisms. To test those hypotheses, we sampled single-unit activity from connected basal ganglia output and thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus-internus, GPi, and ventrolateral-anterior nucleus, VLa) in monkeys performing a reaching task. Rate increases were the most common peri-movement change in both nuclei. Moreover, peri-movement changes generally began earlier in VLa than in GPi. Simultaneously-recorded GPi-VLa pairs rarely showed short-timescale spike-to-spike correlations or slow across-trials covariations and both were equally positive and negative. Finally, spontaneous GPi bursts and pauses were both followed by small, slow reductions in VLa rate. These results appear incompatible with standard gating and rebound models. Still, gating or rebound may be possible in other physiological situations: Simulations show how GPi-VLa communication can scale with GPi synchrony and GPi-to-VLa convergence, illuminating how synchrony of basal ganglia output during motor learning or in pathological conditions may render this pathway effective. Thus, in the healthy state, basal ganglia-thalamic communication during learned movement is more subtle than expected, with changes in firing rates possibly being dominated by a common external source.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Science Communication Webinar Series: The Art of Pitching Presentation
<p>Blue-Action are coordinating a series of webinars on climate science communication in 2020. These are aimed at early-career researchers, but anyone who wishes to engage people with their research at any stage will find them valuable.</p> <p>This webinar was delivered on 21st August 2020 by <a href="https://nordic.climate-kic.org/what-we-offer/entrepreneurship/our-offering-for-start-ups/">Thomas Simon Oleson</a>, who is an Entrepreneurship Manager at <a href="https://nordic.climate-kic.org/">EIT Climate-KIC</a>. Thomas has worked with businesses and start-ups for over 8 years. Here he describes how to pitch your work to stakeholders with visual and verbal style.</p> <p> </p>
Survey Data Set Part 2 - Attitudes Towards Videos as a Documentation Option for Communication in Requirements Engineering
<p>In 2017, I conducted an online survey to explore software professionals' attitudes towards videos as a documentation option for communication in requirements engineering. The survey covered the following topics:</p> <ul> <li>Demographics</li> <li>Attitude towards videos as a medium in RE including its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats</li> <li>Current production and use of videos in RE, respectively the obstacles that prevent the production and use of videos</li> </ul> <p>64 out of 106 software professionals from industry and academia completed the survey. The survey was implemented in LimeSurvey and distributed across several communication channels such as LinkedIn, ResearchGate, Twitter, and a mailing list of a German RE professionals group.</p> <p>This dataset includes the following files:</p> <ul> <li>"Raw and analyzed data.xlsx" contains the raw and analyzed survey responses which are anonymized <ul> <li>This data includes <em>demographics </em>and <em>video production and use</em>.</li> <li>The data on <em>attitudes</em> are included in: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3245770">Survey Data Set Part 1 - Attitudes Towards Videos as a Documentation Option for Communication in Requirements Engineering</a>.</li> </ul> </li> <li>"Survey - Offline version.docx" contains the questions and possible answers of the survey</li> <li>"Survey - Offline version.pdf" contains the questions and possible answers of the survey</li> </ul> <p>This survey was designed, conducted, and analyzed by Oliver Karras (<a href="https://twitter.com/KarrasOliver">@KarrasOliver</a>)</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Datta A, Kumschick S, Geerts S, Wilson JRU (2020) Identifying safe cultivars of invasive plants: six questions for risk assessment, management, and communication. In: Wilson JR, Bacher S, Daehler CC, Groom QJ, Kumschick S, Lockwood JL, Robinson TB, Zengeya TA, Richardson DM. NeoBiota 62: 81-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.51635
Table S1. Plant taxa listed under South African regulations for which certain sub-specific entities are listed differently from other entities
Design requirements of the app for bridging communication between a Deaf patient and healthcare personnel
<p>These design requirements were part of the findings from Co-design Activity 1. They were derived based on the ideas drawn by health professionals and Deaf participants, including suggestions regarding mobile-interface design from two renowned design guidelines of Hoober’s and Berkman’s (2011) and McVicar’s (2012). </p>
Stemming the Fake Flow: How Unistem Day Reveals the Importance of Science Communication to Students
<p><strong>Episode Summary</strong></p> <p>In this episode we cover UniStem Day, a pan European outreach event that bring stem cell research and high school students together. We talk to the organisers of UniStem Day at the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Stefanie Mahler and Dr Daniel Besser, as well as teachers and pupils who attended. </p> <p><strong>Episode Links</strong></p> <p><a href="https://gscn.org/en/HOME.aspx">German Stem Cell Network</a></p>
Self-stabilizing Byzantine-resilient communication in dynamic networks (video)
Full video presentation of the paper: Self-stabilizing Byzantine-resilient communication in dynamic networks.<br><br>Appears in Session 1 of the 24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems OPODIS 2020<br><a href="https://opodis2020.unistra.fr">https://opodis2020.unistra.fr</a>
Echo-CGC: A Communication-Efficient Byzantine-tolerant Distributed Machine Learning Algorithm in Single-Hop Radio Network (video)
Full video presentation of the paper: Echo-CGC: A Communication-Efficient Byzantine-tolerant Distributed Machine Learning Algorithm in Single-Hop Radio Network.<br><br>Appears in Session 2 of the 24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems OPODIS 2020<br><a href="https://opodis2020.unistra.fr">https://opodis2020.unistra.fr</a>
Diversification of a polyploid complex: the biogeography and acoustic communication evolution of North American gray treefrogs throughout the Quaternary
<p>Polyploid speciation and whole genome duplications are major drivers of biological diversity. After polyploid species are formed, the interactions between diploid and polyploid lineages may generate additional diversity in novel cytotypes and phenotypes. In anurans, mate choice by acoustic communication is the primary method by which individuals identify their own species and assess suitable mates. As such, the evolution of acoustic signals is an important mechanism for contributing to reproductive isolation and diversification in this group. The North American gray treefrog complex, consisting of the diploid Hyla chrysoscelis and the tetraploid Hyla versicolor, has long been used to study reproductive isolation and research on this system has consistently driven this field forward. Here, we estimate the biogeographic history of this group, focusing specifically on the geographic origin of whole genome duplication and the expansion of lineages out of refugia following climate oscillations and retreats of the Laurentide ice sheet. We then test for lineage-specific differences in mating signals by applying comparative methods to a large acoustic data set collected over 52 years that includes >1500 individual frogs. Finally, we expand upon our results in light of recent estimates of the complex's genomic evolution to describe the history of diversification in gray treefrogs throughout the Quaternary.</p>
Communication Challenges in adopting scrum methodology in research-based projects
<p>The folder contains three other folders, one has the questionnaire question, the second one has participants' answers to the questionnaire, and the last one has data analysis files for the questionnaire. </p>
Data from: Plasticity in social communication and its implications for the colonization of novel habitats
Behavioral plasticity is expected to facilitate the colonization of novel habitats by allowing populations to respond rapidly to abrupt environmental change. We studied contextual plasticity—a form of plasticity that allows an immediate phenotypic response to stimuli—in the territorial communication of Puerto Rican Anolis lizards and considered the role it might play in facilitating colonization. In these lizards, the detection of territorial visual displays by receivers is acutely dependent on fluctuating levels of visual noise from windblown vegetation and ambient light. We quantified the contextual reaction norms of various components of the territorial displays of individual lizards as a function of visual noise and light for one focal population over many weeks of observation. We then compared these contextual reaction norms to the displays given by closely related Anolis species found in other environments to assess the extent to which colonizing lizards might be capable of performing displays similar to those likely to be effective in those environments. Our results suggest that lizards are able to rapidly adjust their territorial displays in ways that might help them communicate in other (but not all) habitat types on Puerto Rico. Given that the contextual plasticity of animal signals can be measured in free-living animals far more easily than other forms of behavioral plasticity, our study presents animal communication as a tractable model for tackling broad questions in how phenotypic plasticity might facilitate colonization, adjustment to environmental change, and adaptation.
Data from: UV photoreceptors and UV-yellow wing pigments in Heliconius butterflies allow a color signal to serve both mimicry and intraspecific communication
Mimetic wing coloration evolves in butterflies in the context of predator confusion. Unless butterfly eyes have adaptations for discriminating mimetic color variation, mimicry also carries a risk of confusion for the butterflies themselves. Heliconius butterfly eyes, which express recently duplicated UV opsins, have such an adaptation. To examine bird and butterfly color vision as sources of selection on butterfly coloration we studied yellow wing pigmentation in the tribe Heliconiini. We confirmed using reflectance and mass spectrometry that only Heliconius use 3-hydroxy-DL kynurenine (3-OHK) as a wing pigment. 3-OHK looks yellow to humans but it reflects both UV- and long-wavelength light whereas butterflies in related genera have chemically unknown yellow pigments mostly lacking UV-reflectance. Modeling of these color signals reveals that the two UV photoreceptors of Heliconius are better suited to separating 3-OHK from non-3-OHK spectra compared to the photoreceptors of related genera or birds. The co-occurrence of potentially enhanced UV-vision and a UV-reflecting 'yellow' wing pigment could allow unpalatable Heliconius private intraspecific communication in the presence of mimics. Our results are the best available evidence for the correlated evolution of a color signal and color vision. They also suggest that predator visual systems are error-prone in the context of mimicry.
Data from: Ocean acidification during pre-fertilization chemical communication affects sperm success
Ocean acidification (OA) poses a major threat to marine organisms, particularly during reproduction when externally shed gametes are vulnerable to changes in seawater pH. Accordingly, several studies on OA have focused on how changes in seawater pH influence sperm behaviour and/or rates of in vitro fertilization. By contrast, few studies have examined how pH influences pre-fertilization gamete interactions, which are crucial during natural spawning events in most externally fertilizing taxa. One mechanism of gamete interaction that forms an important component of fertilization in most taxa is communication between sperm and egg-derived chemicals. These chemical signals, along with the physiological responses in sperm they elicit, are likely to be highly sensitive to changes in seawater chemistry. In this study, we experimentally tested this possibility using the blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, a species in which females have been shown to use egg-derived chemicals to promote the success of sperm from genetically compatible males. We conducted trials in which sperm were allowed to swim in gradients of egg-derived chemicals under different seawater CO2 (and therefore pH) treatments. We found that sperm had elevated fertilization rates after swimming in the presence of egg-derived chemicals in low pH (pH 7.6) compared to ambient (pH 8.0) seawater. This observed effect could have important implications for the reproductive fitness of external fertilizers, where gamete compatibility plays a critical role in modulating reproduction in many species. For example, elevated sperm fertilization rates might disrupt the eggs' capacity to avoid fertilizations by genetically incompatible sperm. Our findings highlight the need to understand how OA affects the multiple stages of sperm-egg interactions, and to develop approaches that disentangle the implications of OA for female, male and population fitness.
Data from: Discrimination of fast click series produced by tagged Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) for echolocation or communication
Early studies that categorized odontocete pulsed sounds had few means of discriminating signals used for biosonar-based foraging from those used for communication. This capability to identify the function of sounds is important for understanding and interpreting behavior; it is also essential for monitoring and mitigating potential disturbance from human activities. Archival tags were placed on free-ranging Grampus griseus to quantify and discriminate between pulsed sounds used for echolocation-based foraging and those used for communication. Two types of rapid click-series pulsed sounds, buzzes and burst pulses, were identified as produced by the tagged dolphins and classified using a Gaussian mixture model based on their duration, association with jerk (i.e., rapid change of acceleration), and temporal association with click trains. Buzzes followed regular echolocation clicks and coincided with a strong jerk signal from accelerometers on the tag. They consisted of series averaging 359 ± 210 (mean ± SD) clicks with an increasing repetition rate and relatively low amplitude. Burst pulses consisted of relatively short click series averaging 45 ± 54 clicks with decreasing repetition rate and longer inter-click interval that were less likely to be associated with regular echolocation and the jerk signal. These results suggest that the longer, relatively lower amplitude, jerk-associated buzzes are used in this species to capture prey, mostly during the bottom phase of foraging dives, as seen in other odontocetes. In contrast, the shorter, isolated burst pulses that are generally emitted by the dolphins while at or near the surface are used outside of a direct, known foraging context.
Data from: Receiver perception predicts species divergence in long-range communication
The design of animal signals is believed to reflect the combined effect of the sensory system of receivers, the type of environment in which communication is being conducted, and the distance signals must travel in that environment. While empirical studies have examined how each of these factors might separately explain the structure of signals used by animals within species, comparative evidence supporting the predicted interaction of the sensory system, environment and transmission range in the generation of species differences in communication is lacking. I studied the long-range visual displays used by male Caribbean Anolis lizards to advertise territory ownership. The type of movements included in advertisement displays was closely predicted by the motion detection capabilities of the visual system for a given distance and the compounding affects of environmental conditions at the time of display production. Furthermore, the motion detection of Anolis receivers predicted almost precisely the type of movements included in advertisement displays among closely related species from two separate island radiations. My study provides rare comparative evidence illustrating how the sensory system of receivers sets the minimum requirements for what constitutes an effective signal, given the transmission distance of signals, with further variance in signal structure resulting from the environmental conditions occurring at the time of communication.
Data from: Characters matter: wow narratives shape affective responses to risk communication
Introduction <p class="MsoBodyText">Whereas scientists depend on the language of probability to relay information about hazards, risk communication may be more effective when embedding scientific information in narratives. The persuasive power of narratives is theorized to reside, in part, in narrative transportation. </p> Purpose <p>This study seeks to advance the science of stories in risk communication by measuring real-time affective responses as a proxy indicator for narrative transportation during science messages that present scientific information in the context of narrative.</p> Methods <p class="MsoBodyText">This study employed a within-subjects design in which participants (n=90) were exposed to eight science messages regarding flood risk. Conventional science messages using probability and certainty language represented two conditions. The remaining six conditions were narrative science messages that embedded the two conventional science messages within three story forms that manipulated the narrative mechanism of character selection. Informed by the Narrative Policy Framework, the characters portrayed in the narrative science messages were hero, victim, and victim-to-hero. Natural language processing techniques were applied to identify and rank hero and victim vocabularies from 45 resident interviews conducted in the study area; the resulting classified vocabulary was used to build each of the three story types. Affective response data were collected over 12 group sessions across three flood-prone communities in Montana. Dial response technology was used to capture continuous, second-by-second recording of participants' affective responses while listening to each of the eight science messages. Message order was randomized across sessions. ANOVA and three linear mixed-effects models were estimated to test our predictions.</p> Results <p>First, both probabilistic and certainty science language evoked negative affective responses with no statistical differences between them. Second, narrative science messages were associated with greater variance in affective responses than conventional science messages. Third, when characters are in action, variation in the narrative mechanism of character selection leads to significantly different affective responses. Hero and victim-to-hero characters elicit positive affective responses, while victim characters produce a slightly negative response.</p> Conclusions <p>In risk communication, characters matter in audience experience of narrative transportation as measured by affective responses.</p>
Data from: Using sounds for making decisions: greater tube-nosed bats prefer antagonistic calls over non-communicative sounds when feeding
Bats vocalize extensively within different social contexts. The type and extent of information conveyed via their vocalizations and their perceptual significance, however, remains controversial and difficult to assess. Greater tube-nosed bats, Murina leucogaster, emit calls consisting of long rectangular broadband noise burst (rBNBl) syllables during aggression between males. To experimentally test the behavioral impact of these sounds for feeding, we deployed an approach and place-preference paradigm. Two food trays were placed on opposite sides and within different acoustic microenvironments, created by sound playback, within a specially constructed tent. Specifically, we tested whether the presence of rBNBl sounds at a food source effectively deters the approach of male bats in comparison to echolocation sounds and white noise. In each case, contrary to our expectation, males preferred to feed at a location where rBNBl sounds were present. We propose that the species-specific rBNBl provides contextual information, not present within non-communicative sounds, to facilitate approach towards a food source.
Data from: Patterns of call communication between group-housed Zebra finches change during the breeding cycle
Vocal signals such as calls play a crucial role for survival and successful reproduction, especially in group-living animals. However, call interactions and call dynamics within groups remain largely unexplored because their relation to relevant contexts or life-history stages could not be studied with individual-level resolution. Using on-bird microphone transmitters, we recorded the vocalisations of individual zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) behaving freely in social groups, while females and males previously unknown to each other passed through different stages of the breeding cycle. As birds formed pairs and shifted their reproductive status, their call repertoire composition changed. The recordings revealed that calls occurred non-randomly in fine-tuned vocal interactions and decreased within groups while pair-specific patterns emerged. Call-type combinations of vocal interactions changed within pairs and were associated with successful egg-laying, highlighting a potential fitness relevance of calling dynamics in communication systems.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.