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FIGURE 5. A in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 5. A neighbor-joining tree constructed from Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards' (1967) chord distance based on allozyme data (Tominaga et al. 2005a). Nodal values indicate bootstrap proportions in 1000 bootstrap replications. Numbers preceded by "L" indicate locality number.

FIGURE 4 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 4. Plot of first against second (A) or third (B) axes from principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on allozyme data (Tominaga et al. 2005a). Closed circles: the Chubu-Kinki lineage; Open triangles: the Tsurugi lineage; Closed squares: the Ishizuchi-Kuishi lineage; Open diamonds: the Oda lineage; Open inverted triangles: H. stejnegeri sensu stricto.

FIGURE 3 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 3. Genetic structure in each individual of H. stejnegeri sensu lato revealed by STRUCTURE analyses. A: Genetic structure at K=3, indicating the separation of three allopatric clusters corresponding to those by Tominaga et al. (2005a). B: The clustering result at K=4 by STRUCTURE analysis. C: The result at K=5, indicating the separations of five genetic groups (the Chubu-Kinki, Tsurugi, Ishizuchi-Kuishi+Oda, and northern and southern lineages of H. stejnegeri sensu stricto from Kyushu).

FIGURE 7 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 7. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (T2804) (A, B) of Hynobius guttatus sp. nov.; female holotype (T2096) (C) and a male paratype (T2873) (D, E) of H. tsurugiensis sp. nov.; male holotype (KUHE18035) (F) and a male paratype (KUHE24201) (G, H) of H. kuishiensis sp. nov. from Mt. Kuishi, Kochi Prefecture, a male specimen (T2995) (I, J) of H. kuishiensis sp. nov. from Mt. Ishizuchi, Ehime Prefecture, a male specimen (T2689) (K, L) of H. kuishiensis sp. nov. from Odamiyama, Uchiko-cho, Ehime Prefecture; and dorsal and ventral views of a male specimen (KUHE 28007) of H. stejnegeri (M, N) from Yamato-cho, Kumamoto Prefecture.

FIGURE 1 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of western Japan showing distributional range and sampling localities of Hynobius stejnegeri sensu lato for genetic analyses. Range filled by dots: distributional range of H. stejnegeri sensu lato; Closed circles: sampling localities of the Chubu-Kinki lineage; Open triangle: sampling locality of the Tsurugi lineage; Closed squares: Sampling localities of the Ishizuchi-Kuishi lineage; Open diamonds: sampling localities of the Oda lineage; Open vertical triangles: Sampling localities of H. stejnegeri sensu stricto. Sampling locality numbers are attached to symbols. These locality numbers correspond to those in Figs. 2 and 5, and Table 1.

FIGURE 2 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 2. ML tree based on the partial 16SrRNA gene for samples used. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap supports for ML inference. Numbers preceded by "L" indicate locality number. Numbers in parentheses indicate DDBJ accession numbers.

Fig. 7 in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 7 Mean of 100 Maxent SDMs computed with pooled species records of all Lyciasalamandra species omitting L. fazilae (a), L. flavimembris (b), and L. luschani (c). Areas climatically suitable for salamanders and suitable due to the presence of carstic limestone formations are indicated (dark greyMaxent values above the minimum training presence, black values above the minimum 10% training omission threshold). Areas climatically unsuitable to Lycian salamanders are indicated in light grey where carstic limestone formations are present and white where they are not

Fig. 5 in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 5 Relative position of species records in environmental niche space. Note the decreasing number of species records with decreasing temperature and precipitation. This pattern corroborates well field observations by Klewen (1991) and Steinfartz and Mutz (1998)

Fig. 2 Conceptual differences among proposed niche overlap analyses. Imagine a in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 2 Conceptual differences among proposed niche overlap analyses. Imagine a set of three species with different preferences along an environmental gradient. Using SDM projections, it is possible to derive for each species a probability distribution across the gradient. Comparing two species as proposed by Warren et al. (2008), the overlap (grey area in the middle panel) of their respective probability distributions in geographic space is computed (pair-wise niche overlap). In our jackknife approach, a probability distribution derived from all species records is compared to a probability distribution derived from all minus one species. The 1−the resulting overlap value reflects the relative contribution of the omitted species to the entire probability distribution (grey area in the lower panel) and can be used as measure to rank all species when omitting them iteratively. Note that these specific indices are comparable only across each method but not among the different approaches

Fig. 1 a in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 1 a Presence of carstic limestone formations (light grey) and species records used for species distribution modelling (SDM). White dots Lyciasalamandra antalyana, black dots L. atifi, black squares L. billae, grey squares L. fazilae, black triangles L. flavimembris, white triangles L. helverseni, grey triangles L. luschani. b Mean of 100 Maxent SDMs computed with pooled species records of all Lyciasalamandra species. c Maxent SDMs trained with all pooled records omitting L. helverseni. Areas climatically suitable for salamanders and also suitable due to the presence of carstic limestone formations are indicated. Dark grey Maxent values above the minimum training presence, black values above the minimum 10% training omission threshold. Areas climatically unsuitable to Lycian salamanders are indicated in light grey where carstic limestone formations are present and white where they are not

Fig. 6 in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 6 Mean of 100 Maxent SDMs computed with pooled species records of all Lyciasalamandra species omitting L. antalyana (a), L. atifi (b), and L. billae (c). Areas climatically suitable for salamanders and suitable due to the presence of carstic limestone formations are indicated (dark grey Maxent values above the minimum training presence, black values above the minimum 10% training omission threshold). Areas climatically unsuitable to Lycian Salamanders are indicated in light grey where carstic limestone formations are present and white where they are not

FIGURE 10 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 10: Distribution of Bolitoglossa palmata (southeastern of Cordillera Oriental). Red polygon corresponds the distribution proposed by IUCN red List.

FIGURE 8 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 8: Altitudinal distribution of species of the genus Bolitoglossa in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia.

FIGURE 5 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 5: Ventral surfaces extensively or completely webbing (sensu Wake & Brame, 1969 and Types C, D. E and F sensu Brame & Wake, 1963), in species of the genus Bolitoglossa in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Bolitoglossa altamazonica: Villavicencio (Meta), a) MUJ 4096, b) MUJ 4101, c) MUJ 4097, Leticia (Amazonas), d) ICN 46852, Leticia (Amazonas). Bolitoglossa lozanoi: e) MO 589, f) MOM 587, g) MOM 588, h) MOM 590; Bolitoglossa nicefori: Mesa de los Santos (Santander), i) MUJ 2445, j) MUJ 2377, k) ICN 50000, l) ICN 50001.

FIGURE 6 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 6: Dorsal view of heads from species of the genus Bolitoglossa from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Bolitoglossa adspersa: a) ICN 37863, Municipality San Antonio de Tena (Cundinamarca), b) ICN 12774, Páramo of Rusia, Municipality of Duitama Boyacá (Cundinamarca), c) ICN 37563, Alto del tigre (Meta); B. altamazonica: Villavicencio (Meta), d) MUJ 4095, e) MUJ 4097, f) MUJ 4096, Leticia (Amazonas), g) ICN 36510, h) ICN 46852; B. capitana: i) ICN 9221; B. lozanoi: j) MO 589, k) MOM 587, l) MOM 588; B. nicefori: Mesa de los Santos (Santander), m) MUJ 2377, Tona, n) ICN 50001; B. palmata: Political limits from Caquetá-Huila, o) ICN 20792, p) ICN 20793, q) ICN 20794; B. pandi: Municipality of Pandi, r) ICN 45500, Municipality of San Francisco (Cundinamarca), s) MUJ 7921; B. guaneae: Santander, t) UIS-A 2203, u) UIS-A 2184, v) UIS-A 2324.

FIGURE 4 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 4: Ventral surfaces showing basal webbing with free digital tips on the fingers and toes (Type A in South American species, sensu Brame & Wake, 1963, and type slightly and moderately webbed sensu Wake & Brame, 1969); in species of the genus Bolitoglossa in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Bolitoglossa adspersa: Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, a) MUJ 267, Fomeque (Cundinamarca), b) MUJ 1907, c) MUJ 720; Bolitoglossa palmata from border Huila-Caquetá Departaments d) ICN 20792, e) ICN 20793, f) ICN 20794.

FIGURE 3 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 3: Paratype (ICN-MNH 8557) of Bolitoglossa guaneae (A) Head in right lateral view, (B) Head in dorsal view. Photos by Andrés Acosta.

FIGURE 1 in A New Species Of Salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) From The Cordillera Oriental Of The Colombian Andes

FIGURE 1: Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) view of Holotype (adult female; ICN-MHN 54440) of Bolitoglossa guaneae. Photos by Andrés Acosta.

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FIG. 5 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 5. Genetic distances between salamanders that hybridize with heteromorphic sex chromosomes (median ¼ 0.109) and salamanders that hybridize without sex chromosomes (median ¼ 0.152). There is no significant difference (P ¼ 0.5293) between salamanders with sex chromosomes and salamanders without sex chromosomes.