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Synthesized audio of 300 core words of 42 Indo-European languages

<p>The speech sounds of 300 core words in this repository are synthesized using the text-to-speech engine in Microsoft <a href="https://speech.microsoft.com/" rel="nofollow">Azure AI Speech Studio</a>, which encompasses 42 Indo-European languages. Each word is synthesized in both male and female voices, resulting in a total of 25,200 audio clips (300 words × 42 languages × 2 genders). All audio clips are in 16-bit, 16 kHz, mono WAV format, with leading and trailing silences trimmed.</p>

Fig. 7 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 7 Close-ups of selected dorsal and sacral vertebrae and ribs of Trachelosaurus fischeri. A Anterior and mid-dorsal vertebrae (elements a-o). B Posterior dorsal vertebrae (elements s-u). C Anteriormost dorsal rib. D Posteriormost dorsal vertebrae and sacral vertebrae. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; ce, centrum; diap, diapophysis; lam, lamina; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; rf, rib facet; rug, rugosity; sv, sacral vertebra; tub, tuberculum; tvp, transverse process

Fig. 9 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 9 Close-ups of the appendicular elements of Trachelosaurus fischeri. A Right ilium in lateral view and tentatively identified metetarsal. B Left femur in ventral view. C Right (?) pubis in medial(?) view. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; af, articular facet; cv, cervical vertebra; for, foramen; ilb, iliac blade; isp, ischial peduncle; itt, internal trochanter; mt, metatarsal; pac, postacetabular process; pfo, pubic foramen; pup, pubic peduncle

Fig. 3 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 3 Overview of MLU.GeoS.1612. A–B preserving the majority of the presacral vertebrae and appendicular elements. Cervical vertebrae are indicated with capitalised letters, dorsal and sacral vertebrae are indicated with lower case letters, blue dots indicate bifurcated cervical ribs. The element indicated with an asterisk represents a badly broken cervical vertebra, which could be identified based on plate 31 of Broili and Fischer (1918). The two ribs indicated with † and ‡, respectively, correspond to those listed in Table 4. Abbreviations: aue, autopodial element; cav, caudal vertebra; fe, femur; fr v, fragmentary vertebra; il, ilium; mt, metatarsal; sv, sacral vertebra

Fig. 6 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 6 Close-ups of selected cervical vertebrae and ribs of Trachelosaurus fischeri. A Anteriormost preserved cervical vertebrae (elements A–C), including the tentatively identified axis and possible atlantal elements. B Cervical ribs with bifurcating distal ends. C Mid-cervical vertebrae (elements L–N). Abbreviations: at, atlantal element; atna, atlantal neural arch; atr, atlantal rib, axc, axis centrum; axna, axis neural arch; cap, capitulum; cv, cervical vertebra; cvr, cervical rib; diap, diapophysis; epp, epipophysis; feap, free-ending anterior process; fs, fish scale; lam, lamina; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; pdp, posterodorsal process; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; pvp, posteroventral process; rug, rugosity; tub, tuberculum

Fig. 2 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 2 Overview of MLU.GeoS.1612 and its sedimentary features. A, Historical label on the slab. B, Overview of MLU.GeoS.1612, the holotype of Trachelosaurus fischeri; the bracketed lower case letters correspond to the different slabs of which the specimen is composed. The asterisks (*) indicate tetrapod footprints preserved on the slabs. C–D Slab in cross-section, with trough cross-lamination (C) and the two intervals with an arrow pointing at their boundary (D). E Sinuous and ramified structures on the top surface (opposite to the surface preserving bones and footprints), including a close-up on the right. F Round structures. G Squared structure. H Tetrapod footprint (left manus) previously mentioned in Broili and Fischer (1918). Structures in F–H are in convex hyporelief, and their location is marked with matching upper case letters on the overview of the specimen in B

Fig. 11 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 11 Skeletal reconstruction of Trachelosaurus fischeri and comparison with other long-necked, aquatic tanysaurians. A Skeletal reconstruction and interpretive silhouette of Trachelosaurus fischeri in left lateral view and anteroposterior view of the mid-anterior portion of the torso (reconstructions by E. M.); based on the elements preserved on MLU.GeoS.1612. B Comparison of Trachelosaurus fischeri with Dinocephalosaurus orientalis (from Spiekman et al., 2024; reconstruction by S. N. F. S.), Tanystropheus hydroides, and Tanystropheus longobardicus (both from Spiekman et al., 2020a; reconstructions by Beat Scheffold); the outline of a 170-cm-tall human in scuba diving equipment is used to indicate the scale

Fig. 8 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 8 Close-up of the proximal caudal region and partial gastral basket of Trachelosaurus fischeri. The caudal centra marked with α, β, and γ correspond to the elements that are indicated the same in Table 5. Abbreviations: cac, caudal centrum; car, caudal rib; cav, caudal vertebra; gas, gastralia; prz, prezygapophysis; sv, sacral vertebra; tp, transverse process

Fig. 4 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 4 Overview of MLU.GeoS.1612.C-G, preserving the cranial and proximal caudal remains, as well as a tentatively identified pubis and partial gastral basket. The rib marked with †‡ corresponds to the rib that is indicated the same in Table 4. Abbreviations: car, caudal rib; cav, caudal vertebra; dr, dorsal rib; fisc, fish scales; fr v, fragmentary vertebra; gas, gastralia; na, nasal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pub, pubis

Fig. 5 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 5 Close-ups of the cranial elements of Trachelosaurus fischeri. A Right premaxilla in lateral view. B The posterior of the two preserved premaxillary teeth. C Possible nasal. D Possible postorbital. E Possible postfrontal. Abbreviations: anp, anterior process; conc, concavity; latp, lateral process; ponp, postnarial process; pop, posterior process; prnp, prenarial process

Fig. 1 in A redescription of TraCheloSaUrUS fiSCheri from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European DinoCephaloSaUrUS-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early

Fig. 1 Geographic and geological setting. Locality and stratigraphic context of Merkel's Quarry, where Trachelosaurus fischeri was found. Modified from Schoch (2019)

Figure 1 in Redetection and description of the European dagger nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum on peach (Prunus persica L.) in Canada

Figure 1: Micrographs of Xiphinema diversicaudatum: A-C: female anterior region; D: female posterior region; E: male posterior region, F: male anterior region.

Fig. 3 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 3. Distribution of the ratio between the maximum width of the dorsal region of the coronoid process (C) and the length of the dental battery D) in a sample of hadrosauroid dinosaurs. Taxon abbreviations: Ac, Acristavus gagslarsoni; Am, Amurosaurus riabinini; Ar, Aralosaurus tuberiferus; Ay, Arenysaurus ardevoli; Ba, Bactrosaurus johnsoni; Bl, Blasisaurus canudoi; Br, Brachylophosaurus canadensis; cfCo, cf. Corythosaurus sp.; Ch, Charonosaurus jiayinensis; Co, Corythosaurus sp.; Eda, Edmontosaurus annectens; Edr, Edmontosaurus regalis; Eot, Eotrachodon orientalis; Ft, Fylax thyrakolasus; Gra,?Gryposaurus alsatei; Grl, Gryposaurus latidens; Hya, Hypacrosaurus altispinus; Hys, H. stebingeri; Krn, Kritosaurus navajovius; Lml, Lambeosaurus lambei; Ma, Maiasaura peeblesorum; Pat, Parasaurolophus tubicen; Pbr, Probrachylophosaurus bergei; Pl, Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis; Pn, Penelopognathus weishampeli; Pr, Prosaurolophus maximus; Pt, Protohadros byrdi; Saa, Saurolophus angustirostris; Sao, Saurolophus osborni; Te, Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus; Ts, Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus; Vel, Velafrons coahuilensis. Silhouettes were downloaded from http:// phylopic.org and drawn by Pete Buchholz (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), Scott Hartman (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/) and Craig Dylke (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).

Fig. 4 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 4. Time calibrated cladogram based on the strict consensus tree (unresolved branches in the consensus are within saurolophine and lambeosaurine hadrosaurids, only shown in the SOM 5) resulting from the parsimony analysis of 67 hadrosauroid taxa, showing the position of IPS-36338. Ancestral areas are reconstructed for each clade of the phylogram, with maximum likelihood proportions indicated by the pie charts. Colors represent the various areas considered in the maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstruction analysis. The global paleogeographic map corresponds to the late Campanian (75–73.8 Ma) and is based on Scotese (2014), except the paleogeographic configuration of the European Archipelago, which is based on the greater detailed offered by Csiki et al. (2015: fig. 3). Geochronological ages are from Walker et al. (2018). The Pyrenean-Provençal Landmass presented in the figure will become part of the Ibero-Armorican Island in the Maastrichtian. Abbreviations: Con, Coniacian; Maast, Maastrichtian; San, Santonian; Tur, Turonian.

Fig. 2 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 2. Dentary of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. (IPS-36338, holotype) from the uppermost Maastrichtian Fontllonga-R locality; in posterior (A1), medial (A2), dorsal (A4), anterior (A5), lateral (A6), and ventral (A7) views. A detailed lingual view of the tooth crowns appears in A3.

Fig. 1 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 1. Geographic location and stratigraphic position of Fontllonga-R, the type locality of Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. A. Simplified map showing the location of the Àger syncline in northeastern Spain. B. Geological map of the Àger syncline and adjacent areas displaying the location of the Fontllonga-R locality (asterisk), near the eponymous town. C. Stratigraphic section of the Fontllonga Formation cropping out at the Fontllonga-R locality, showing the position of the holotype dentary IPS-36338 (modified from Fondevilla et al. 2019).

Fig. 3 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 3. Labeled endocast of hyaenodont mammal Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965) NMB Em12 (holotype) from?Egerkingen γ (Switzerland), MP13. Reconstruction in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and right lateral (A3) views. Nerves: II (ophthalmic), III (oculomotor), IV (pathetic), V1 (first branch of the trigeminal nerve), V2 (second branch of the trigeminal nerve), VI (abducens).

Fig. 6 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 6. Bivariate plot representing relative premolar size (RPS) versus relative blade length (RBL) for some selected hyaenodonts from the Eocene of Europe. Abbreviations: C., Cartierodon; E., Eurotherium, H., Hyaenodon, M., Matthodon, P., Prodissopsalis.

Fig. 2 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 2. Digital model of Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965), NMB Em12 (holotype) from?Egerkingen γ (Switzerland), MP13?, with in situ endocast (A2, blue). Encephalization quotient.—The encephalization quotient (EQ) is brain size divided by expected body size for an average mammal of the same body size. As a ratio, it can be used to compare brain sizes among specimens with different body masses (Bertrand et al. 2017). All the EQs herein have first been estimated using the methodology provided by Jerison (1970, 1973); this equation has previously been used to calculate the EQ of Hyaenodon and Cynohyaenodon (Jerison 1973; Radinsky 1977, 1978). The equation is: EQ = E / 0.12 P0.67; where E equals volume of the encephalon in cm3; P, body mass in grams. For the purposes of comparison, we also calculated EQ using the equation provided by Eisenberg (1981): EQ = E / 0.055 P0.74, where E is the volume of the encephalon (in cm3) and P corresponds to body mass

Fig. 5 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 5. Hyaeonodont mammal Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965) from?Egerkingen γ (Switzerland),?MP13. A. NMB.Em12 (holotype) in right lateral (A1), right lateral view with close-up of posterior part (A2), and occipital (A3) views. D. NMB.En120 right mandible bearing p3–p4 and m1–m3 in labial view.