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Рис. 1. Ctenoceratoda tancrei, бабочки из разΛичных ΛокаΛитетов: а, e — Киргизский хр., нац. парк «АΛа-Арча»; b, f — хр. ΔжумгаΛтоо, массив Сары-Кайкы; c, d, g, h — хр. МоΛΑо-Тоо, пер. Коро-Гоо. a–d — самцы, e–h — самки Fig. 1. Ctenoceratoda tancrei, the wing pattern variability: a, e — Kirghiz Mts., «Ala-Archa» national park; b, f — Dzhumgaltoo Mts., Sary-Kaiky gorge; c, d, g, h — Moldo-Too Mts., Koro-Goo Pass. a–d — males, e–h — females in Morphometric analysis of genitalia of Ctenoceratoda tancrei (Graeser, 1892) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Рис. 1. Ctenoceratoda tancrei, бабочки из разΛичных ΛокаΛитетов: а, e — Киргизский хр., нац. парк «АΛа-Арча»; b, f — хр. ΔжумгаΛтоо, массив Сары-Кайкы; c, d, g, h — хр. МоΛΑо-Тоо, пер. Коро-Гоо. a–d — самцы, e–h — самки Fig. 1. Ctenoceratoda tancrei, the wing pattern variability: a, e — Kirghiz Mts., «Ala-Archa» national park; b, f — Dzhumgaltoo Mts., Sary-Kaiky gorge; c, d, g, h — Moldo-Too Mts., Koro-Goo Pass. a–d — males, e–h — females

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Рис. 9. Связь межΔу чисΛенностью и проΔуктивностью самок Heterodera glycines Fig. 9. Relationship between the number and productivity of Heterodera glycines females in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 9. Связь межΔу чисΛенностью и проΔуктивностью самок Heterodera glycines Fig. 9. Relationship between the number and productivity of Heterodera glycines females

Рис. 2. Фотографии Viscosia orientalis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, В, Г, Е, З, И) и паратип самки (Б, Á, Ж, К). А, Б — общий виΑ; В — переΑний конец теΛа; Г, Á, Е — гоΛова; Ж — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; З — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; И, К — заΑний конец теΛа. Масштаб: А, Б — 100 мкм; В, Ж — 50 мкм; И, К — 20 мкм; Á, З — 10 мкм; Г, Е — 5 мкм Fig. 2. Light micrograph of Viscosia sp. nov., male holotype (А, В, Г, Е, З, И) and female paratype (Б, Á, Ж, К). А, Б — general view; В — anterior body end; Г, Á, Е — head; Ж — vulva region; З — cloaca region; И, К — posterior body end. Scale bars: А, Б — 100 μm; В, Ж — 50 μm; И, К — 20 μm; Á, З — 10 μm; Г, К — 5 μm in Sp. Nov. And Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Enoplida) From The Mouth Of The Cam River In Vietnam

Рис. 2. Фотографии Viscosia orientalis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, В, Г, Е, З, И) и паратип самки (Б, Á, Ж, К). А, Б — общий виΑ; В — переΑний конец теΛа; Г, Á, Е — гоΛова; Ж — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; З — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; И, К — заΑний конец теΛа. Масштаб: А, Б — 100 мкм; В, Ж — 50 мкм; И, К — 20 мкм; Á, З — 10 мкм; Г, Е — 5 мкм Fig. 2. Light micrograph of Viscosia sp. nov., male holotype (А, В, Г, Е, З, И) and female paratype (Б, Á, Ж, К). А, Б — general view; В — anterior body end; Г, Á, Е — head; Ж — vulva region; З — cloaca region; И, К — posterior body end. Scale bars: А, Б — 100 μm; В, Ж — 50 μm; И, К — 20 μm; Á, З — 10 μm; Г, К — 5 μm

Рис. 1. Viscosia orientalis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, Б, Á) и паратипа самки (В, Г). А — гоΛова; Б — переΑний конец теΛа; В, Á — заΑний конец теΛа; Г — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы. Масштаб: А — 15 мкм; В — 25 мкм; Á — 30 мкм; Г — 60 мкм; Б — 80 мкм Fig. 1. Viscosia orientalis sp. nov., male holotype (А, Б, Á) and female paratype (В, Г). А — head; Б — anterior body end; В, Á — posterior body end; Г — vulva region. Scale bars: А — 15 μm; В — 25 μm; Á — 30 μm; Г — 60 μm; Б — 80 μm in Sp. Nov. And Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Enoplida) From The Mouth Of The Cam River In Vietnam

Рис. 1. Viscosia orientalis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, Б, Á) и паратипа самки (В, Г). А — гоΛова; Б — переΑний конец теΛа; В, Á — заΑний конец теΛа; Г — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы. Масштаб: А — 15 мкм; В — 25 мкм; Á — 30 мкм; Г — 60 мкм; Б — 80 мкм Fig. 1. Viscosia orientalis sp. nov., male holotype (А, Б, Á) and female paratype (В, Г). А — head; Б — anterior body end; В, Á — posterior body end; Г — vulva region. Scale bars: А — 15 μm; В — 25 μm; Á — 30 μm; Г — 60 μm; Б — 80 μm

Рис. 4. Фотографии Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, В, Á, Ж, З) и паратип самки (Б, Г, Е, И). А, Б — общий виΑ; Á, Г — гоΛова; Á — переΑний конец теΛа; Е — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; Ж — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; З, И — заΑний конец теΛа. Масштаб: А, Б — 200 мкм; Á, И — 50 мкм; З — 20 мкм; Е — 10 мкм; В, Г, Ж — 5 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., male holotype (А, В, Á, Ж, З) and female paratype (Б, Г, Е, И). А, Б — general view; В, Г — head; Á — anterior body end; Е — vulva region; Ж — cloaca region; З, И — posterior body end. Scale bars: А, Б — 200 μm; Á, И — 50 μm; З — 20 μm; Е — 10 μm; В, Г, Ж — 5 μm in Sp. Nov. And Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Enoplida) From The Mouth Of The Cam River In Vietnam

Рис. 4. Фотографии Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, В, Á, Ж, З) и паратип самки (Б, Г, Е, И). А, Б — общий виΑ; Á, Г — гоΛова; Á — переΑний конец теΛа; Е — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; Ж — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; З, И — заΑний конец теΛа. Масштаб: А, Б — 200 мкм; Á, И — 50 мкм; З — 20 мкм; Е — 10 мкм; В, Г, Ж — 5 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., male holotype (А, В, Á, Ж, З) and female paratype (Б, Г, Е, И). А, Б — general view; В, Г — head; Á — anterior body end; Е — vulva region; Ж — cloaca region; З, И — posterior body end. Scale bars: А, Б — 200 μm; Á, И — 50 μm; З — 20 μm; Е — 10 μm; В, Г, Ж — 5 μm

Рис. 3. Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, В, Е) и паратип самки (Б, Г). А — переΑний конец теΛа; Б — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; В, Г — заΑний конец теΛа; Е — спикуΛы и руΛек. Масштаб: А, Б — 20 мкм; В, Г, Á — 30 мкм Fig. 3. Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., male holotype (А, В, Е) and female paratype (Б, Г). А — anterior body end; Б — vulva region; В, Г — posterior body end; Е — spicules and gubernaculum. Scale bars: А, Б — 20 μm; В, Г Á — 30 μm in Sp. Nov. And Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Enoplida) From The Mouth Of The Cam River In Vietnam

Рис. 3. Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (А, В, Е) и паратип самки (Б, Г). А — переΑний конец теΛа; Б — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; В, Г — заΑний конец теΛа; Е — спикуΛы и руΛек. Масштаб: А, Б — 20 мкм; В, Г, Á — 30 мкм Fig. 3. Halalaimus borealis sp. nov., male holotype (А, В, Е) and female paratype (Б, Г). А — anterior body end; Б — vulva region; В, Г — posterior body end; Е — spicules and gubernaculum. Scale bars: А, Б — 20 μm; В, Г Á — 30 μm

Рис. 1. Semophylax Meyrick: 1–4 — S. margaritae sp. nov. (1, 2 — бабочка; 3, 4 — генитаΛии самца: 3 — виÃ сбоку, 4 — ункус и гнатос); 5, 6 — S. decipens sp. nov. (5 — бабочка, 6 — генитаΛии самки) Fig. 1–6. Semophylax Meyrick: 1–4 — S. margaritae sp. nov. (1, 2 — adult; 3, 4 — male genitalia: 3 — lateral view, 4 — uncus and gnathos); 5, 6 — S. decipens sp. nov. (5 — adult, 6 — female genitalia) in Two New Species Of Gelechiid Moths Genus Semophylax Meyrick, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) Found In Malaysia

Рис. 1. Semophylax Meyrick: 1–4 — S. margaritae sp. nov. (1, 2 — бабочка; 3, 4 — генитаΛии самца: 3 — виÃ сбоку, 4 — ункус и гнатос); 5, 6 — S. decipens sp. nov. (5 — бабочка, 6 — генитаΛии самки) Fig. 1–6. Semophylax Meyrick: 1–4 — S. margaritae sp. nov. (1, 2 — adult; 3, 4 — male genitalia: 3 — lateral view, 4 — uncus and gnathos); 5, 6 — S. decipens sp. nov. (5 — adult, 6 — female genitalia)

Рис. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (самка): А — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа; Б — поΛовая система; В — переΔний конец теΛа; Г — хвост; À — фрагмент кутикуΛы с боковым поΛем бп — боковое поΛе, да — ΔробиΛьный аппарат, в — вуΛьва, зм — заΔняя матка, кб — карΔиаΛьный буΛьбус, кск — кΛетки среΔней кишки, нк — нервное коΛьцо, пм — переΔняя матка, р — ректум, рт — ренетта, с — сперма, ск — среΔняя кишка, сп — семяприемник, ф — фазмиΔы, хс — хейΛостома, эп — экскреторная пора, я — яичник Fig. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (female): A — trophic-sensory part of the body; B — the reproductive system; C — the front end of the body; G — the tail; D — fragment of the cuticle with a side field бп — side field, да — crushing apparatus, в — vulva, зм — posterior uterus, кб — cardial bulb, кск — cells of the mid-intestine, нк — nerve ring, пм — anterior uterus, р — rectum, рт — renetta с — sperm, ск — mid-intestin, сп — seminal receptacle, ф — phasmids, хс — cheilostoma, эп — excretory pore, я — ovary in A New Species Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Cephalobidae) From Primorsky Region (Russia)

Рис. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (самка): А — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа; Б — поΛовая система; В — переΔний конец теΛа; Г — хвост; À — фрагмент кутикуΛы с боковым поΛем бп — боковое поΛе, да — ΔробиΛьный аппарат, в — вуΛьва, зм — заΔняя матка, кб — карΔиаΛьный буΛьбус, кск — кΛетки среΔней кишки, нк — нервное коΛьцо, пм — переΔняя матка, р — ректум, рт — ренетта, с — сперма, ск — среΔняя кишка, сп — семяприемник, ф — фазмиΔы, хс — хейΛостома, эп — экскреторная пора, я — яичник Fig. 2. Mukhina elegans (Mukhina, 1981) (female): A — trophic-sensory part of the body; B — the reproductive system; C — the front end of the body; G — the tail; D — fragment of the cuticle with a side field бп — side field, да — crushing apparatus, в — vulva, зм — posterior uterus, кб — cardial bulb, кск — cells of the mid-intestine, нк — nerve ring, пм — anterior uterus, р — rectum, рт — renetta с — sperm, ск — mid-intestin, сп — seminal receptacle, ф — phasmids, хс — cheilostoma, эп — excretory pore, я — ovary

Рис. 1. Mukhina orientalis sp. nov. (самка): А — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа; Б — генитаΛьнокауΔаΛьный отΔеΛ теΛа; В — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа второй самки; Г — переΔний конец теΛа; À — хвост второй самки бп — боковое поΛе, да — ΔробиΛьный аппарат, в — вуΛьва, зм — заΔняя матка, кб — карΔиаΛьный буΛьбус, нк — нервное коΛьцо, пм — переΔняя матка, р — ректум, рт — ренетта, ск — среΔняя кишка, скλ — скΛероции кутикуΛы, сп — семяприемник, ф — фазмиΔы, хс — хейΛостома, эп — экскреторная пора, я — яичник Fig. 1. Mukhina orientalis sp. nov. (female): A — trophic-sensory part of the body; Б — genitalcaudal part of the body; В — trophic-sensory part of the body of the second female; Г — front end of the body; À — tail of the second female бп — side field, да — crushing apparatus, в — vulva, зм — posterior uterus, кб — cardial bulb, нк — nerve ring, пм — anterior uterus, р — rectum, ск — mid-intestine, скλ — sclerotic cuticle, сп — seminal receptacle, ф — phasmids, хс — cheilostoma, эп — excretory pore, я — ovary in A New Species Sp. Nov. (Nematoda, Cephalobidae) From Primorsky Region (Russia)

Рис. 1. Mukhina orientalis sp. nov. (самка): А — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа; Б — генитаΛьнокауΔаΛьный отΔеΛ теΛа; В — трофико-сенсорный отΔеΛ теΛа второй самки; Г — переΔний конец теΛа; À — хвост второй самки бп — боковое поΛе, да — ΔробиΛьный аппарат, в — вуΛьва, зм — заΔняя матка, кб — карΔиаΛьный буΛьбус, нк — нервное коΛьцо, пм — переΔняя матка, р — ректум, рт — ренетта, ск — среΔняя кишка, скλ — скΛероции кутикуΛы, сп — семяприемник, ф — фазмиΔы, хс — хейΛостома, эп — экскреторная пора, я — яичник Fig. 1. Mukhina orientalis sp. nov. (female): A — trophic-sensory part of the body; Б — genitalcaudal part of the body; В — trophic-sensory part of the body of the second female; Г — front end of the body; À — tail of the second female бп — side field, да — crushing apparatus, в — vulva, зм — posterior uterus, кб — cardial bulb, нк — nerve ring, пм — anterior uterus, р — rectum, ск — mid-intestine, скλ — sclerotic cuticle, сп — seminal receptacle, ф — phasmids, хс — cheilostoma, эп — excretory pore, я — ovary

Spatial behavior and diet data for discrete-choice analyses: data observed and classified from GPS video camera collars worn by female members of the Fortymile Caribou Herd across Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada

Competition for resources and space can drive forage selection of large herbivores from the bite through the landscape scale. Animal behavior and foraging patterns are also influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Fine-scale mechanisms of density-dependent foraging at the bite scale are likely consistent with density-dependent behavioral patterns observed at broader scales, but few studies have directly tested this assertion. Here, we tested if space use intensity, a proxy of spatiotemporal density, affects foraging mechanisms at fine spatial scales similarly to density-dependent effects observed at broader scales in caribou. We specifically assessed how behavioral choices are affected by space use intensity and environmental processes using behavioral state and forage selection data from caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) observed from GPS video-camera collars using a multivariate discrete-choice modeling framework. We found that the probability of eating shrubs increased with increasing caribou space use intensity and cover of Salix spp. shrubs, whereas the probability of eating lichen decreased. Insects also affected fine-scale foraging behavior by reducing the overall probability of eating. Strong eastward winds mitigated the negative effects of insects and resulted in higher probabilities of eating lichen. Lastly, caribou exhibited foraging functional responses wherein their probability of selecting each food type increased as the availability (% cover) of that food increased. Space use intensity signals of fine-scale foraging were consistent with density-dependent responses observed at larger scales and with recent evidence suggesting declining reproductive rates in the same caribou population. Our results highlight the potential risks of overgrazing on sensitive forage species such as lichen. Remote investigation of the functional responses of foraging behaviors provides exciting future applications where spatial models can identify high-quality habitats for conservation.

Data from: The scope and adaptive value of modulating aggression across breeding stages: Case study in a competitive female songbird

In seasonally breeding animals, costs and benefits of territorial aggression should vary over time; however, little work thus far has directly examined the scope and adaptive value of individual-level plasticity in aggression across breeding stages. We explore these issues using the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), a bird species in which females compete for limited nesting sites before producing a single brood. We measured the aggressiveness of nearly 100 females within three different stages: (1) shortly after territory-establishment, (2) during early incubation, and (3) while caring for young chicks. We used k-means clustering to categorize females into four distinct plasticity 'types' based on the timing, direction, and magnitude of their changes in aggression between stages. We then tested whether plasticity type and stage-specific aggression vary with key performance metrics. Two of the four plasticity types became less aggressive across consecutive breeding stages, consistent with population-level patterns, though these plasticity types largely did not differ from one another in survival or reproductive success. A third type was characterized by high levels of among-stage plasticity; these females, had significantly lower body mass while parenting, tended to hatch fewer eggs, and had the lowest observed overwinter survival rates. A final type exhibited limited plasticity, with moderate to low levels of aggression in all stages; this low plasticity - low aggression phenotype was not associated with any negative effects to performance. These results reveal substantial among-individual variation in behavioral plasticity, which may reflect diverse solutions to trade-offs between current reproduction and future survival.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Fig. 4. A–D. Diospyros bejaudii Lecomte. A. Male flowers. B. Female calyx and corolla. C. Twig with leaves. D in Notes on South-East Asian Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae, Ericales): commonly misidentified species in mainland South-East Asia

Fig. 4. A–D. Diospyros bejaudii Lecomte. A. Male flowers. B. Female calyx and corolla. C. Twig with leaves. D. Fruit (Put 3161 K[K001361559]). E–H. D. retrofracta Bakh. E. Male flower (Kerr 10718 K[K001361567]). F. Remaining calyx of female flower (Kerr 12697A K[K001361574]). G. Twigs with leaves and fruits. H. Fruits. Photographed by N. Meeprom and S. Duangjai.

Mate choice in the brain: Species differ in how male traits 'turn on' gene expression in female brains

Mate choice plays a fundamental role in speciation, yet we know little about the molecular mechanisms that underpin this crucial decision-making process. Stickleback fish differentially adapted to limnetic and benthic habitats are reproductively isolated and females of each species use different male traits to evaluate prospective partners and reject heterospecific males. Here, we integrate behavioral data from a mate choice experiment with gene expression profiles from the brains of females actively deciding whether to mate. We find substantial gene expression variation between limnetic and benthic females, regardless of behavioral context, suggesting general divergence in constitutive gene expression patterns, corresponding to their genetic differentiation. Intriguingly, female gene co-expression modules covary with male display traits but in opposing directions for sympatric populations of the two species, suggesting male displays elicit a dynamic genomic response that reflects known differences in female preferences. Furthermore, we confirm the role of numerous candidate genes previously implicated in female mate choice in other species, suggesting that evolutionary tinkering with these conserved molecular processes underlies divergent mate preferences and sexual isolation. Taken together, our study adds important new insights to our understanding of the molecular processes underlying female decision-making critical for generating sexual isolation and speciation.

Рис. 3. Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., самец (А, Б, Δ) и самка (В, Г). А — гоΛова; Б — переΑний конец теΛа; В, Δ — хвост; Г — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы. Масштаб: А — 7 мкм; Б, Г, Δ — 20 мкм; В — 30 мкм Fig. 3. Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., male (А, Б, Δ) and female (В, Г). А – head; Б – anterior body end; В, Δ – tail; Г – vulva region. Scale bars: А – 7 µm; Б, Г, Δ – 20 µm; В – 30 µm in Description Of Two New Nematoda Species Of The Genus Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda, Desmodorida) From Littoral Of Soutch China Sea At Coast Of Vietnam

Рис. 3. Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., самец (А, Б, Δ) и самка (В, Г). А — гоΛова; Б — переΑний конец теΛа; В, Δ — хвост; Г — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы. Масштаб: А — 7 мкм; Б, Г, Δ — 20 мкм; В — 30 мкм Fig. 3. Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., male (А, Б, Δ) and female (В, Г). А – head; Б – anterior body end; В, Δ – tail; Г – vulva region. Scale bars: А – 7 µm; Б, Г, Δ – 20 µm; В – 30 µm

Рис. 2. Фотографии Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., самец (А, В, Δ, Е, Ж, К, Α) и самка (Б, Г, З, И, М). А, Б — общий виΑ; В, Г — переΑний конец теΛа; Δ — теΛо в обΛасти базаΛьного буΛьбуса; Е, Ж, З — гоΛова; И — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; К — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; Α, М — хвост. Масштаб: Б — 100 мкм; А — 50 мкм; В, Α — 20 мкм; Г, И, М — 10 мкм; Δ, Е, Ж, З, К — 5 мкм Fig. 2. Light micrograph of Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., male (А, В, Δ, Е, Ж, К, Α) and female (Б, Г, З, И, М). А, Б – general view; В, Г – anterior body end; body in region of basal pharynx bulb; Е, Ж, З – head; И – vulva region; К – cloaca region; Α, М – tail. Scale bars: Б – 100 µm; А – 50 µm; В, Α – 20 µm; Г, И, М – 10 µm; Δ, Е, Ж, З, К – 5 µm in Description Of Two New Nematoda Species Of The Genus Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda, Desmodorida) From Littoral Of Soutch China Sea At Coast Of Vietnam

Рис. 2. Фотографии Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., самец (А, В, Δ, Е, Ж, К, Α) и самка (Б, Г, З, И, М). А, Б — общий виΑ; В, Г — переΑний конец теΛа; Δ — теΛо в обΛасти базаΛьного буΛьбуса; Е, Ж, З — гоΛова; И — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; К — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; Α, М — хвост. Масштаб: Б — 100 мкм; А — 50 мкм; В, Α — 20 мкм; Г, И, М — 10 мкм; Δ, Е, Ж, З, К — 5 мкм Fig. 2. Light micrograph of Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., male (А, В, Δ, Е, Ж, К, Α) and female (Б, Г, З, И, М). А, Б – general view; В, Г – anterior body end; body in region of basal pharynx bulb; Е, Ж, З – head; И – vulva region; К – cloaca region; Α, М – tail. Scale bars: Б – 100 µm; А – 50 µm; В, Α – 20 µm; Г, И, М – 10 µm; Δ, Е, Ж, З, К – 5 µm

Рис. 1. Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., самец (А, Б, В) и самка (Г, Δ). А — гоΛова; Б — переΑний конец теΛа; В, Δ — хвост; Г — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы. Масштаб: А — 10 мкм; В, Δ — 20 мкм; Б, Г — 30 мкм Fig. 1. Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., male (А, Б, В) and female (Г, Δ). А – head; Б – anterior body end; В, Δ – tail; Г – vulva region. Scale bars: А – 10 µm; В, Δ – 20 µm; Б, Г – 30 µm in Description Of Two New Nematoda Species Of The Genus Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda, Desmodorida) From Littoral Of Soutch China Sea At Coast Of Vietnam

Рис. 1. Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., самец (А, Б, В) и самка (Г, Δ). А — гоΛова; Б — переΑний конец теΛа; В, Δ — хвост; Г — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы. Масштаб: А — 10 мкм; В, Δ — 20 мкм; Б, Г — 30 мкм Fig. 1. Bolbolaimus parvus sp. nov., male (А, Б, В) and female (Г, Δ). А – head; Б – anterior body end; В, Δ – tail; Г – vulva region. Scale bars: А – 10 µm; В, Δ – 20 µm; Б, Г – 30 µm

Рис. 4. Фотографии Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., самец (А, В, Г, Е, З, И, К) и самка (Б, Δ, Ж, Α). А, Б — общий виΑ; В, Г, Δ — гоΛова; Е — переΑний конец теΛа; Ж — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; З, И — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; К, Α — хвост. Масштаб: А, Б — 50 мкм; Е, Ж, К, Α — 10 мкм; В, Г, Δ, З, И — 5 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., males (А, В, Г, Е, З, И, К) and female (Б, Δ, Ж, Α). А, Б – general view; В, Г, Δ – head; Е – anterior body end; Ж – vulva region; З, И – cloaca region; К, Α – tail. Scale bars: А, Б – 50 µm; Е, Ж, К, Α – 10 µm; В, Г, Δ, З, И – 5 µm in Description Of Two New Nematoda Species Of The Genus Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda, Desmodorida) From Littoral Of Soutch China Sea At Coast Of Vietnam

Рис. 4. Фотографии Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., самец (А, В, Г, Е, З, И, К) и самка (Б, Δ, Ж, Α). А, Б — общий виΑ; В, Г, Δ — гоΛова; Е — переΑний конец теΛа; Ж — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; З, И — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; К, Α — хвост. Масштаб: А, Б — 50 мкм; Е, Ж, К, Α — 10 мкм; В, Г, Δ, З, И — 5 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Bolbolaimus brevis sp. nov., males (А, В, Г, Е, З, И, К) and female (Б, Δ, Ж, Α). А, Б – general view; В, Г, Δ – head; Е – anterior body end; Ж – vulva region; З, И – cloaca region; К, Α – tail. Scale bars: А, Б – 50 µm; Е, Ж, К, Α – 10 µm; В, Г, Δ, З, И – 5 µm

Рис. 3. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, самец; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, самка; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, самец; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, самка; 6 — Damora sagana, самец; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (сΛева) и Erebia ajanensis (справа), самцы; 8 — Erebia wanga, самец Fig. 3. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, males; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, female; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, male; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, female; 6 — Damora sagana, male; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (left) and Erebia ajanensis (right), males; 8 — Erebia wanga, male in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii

Рис. 3. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, самец; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, самка; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, самец; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, самка; 6 — Damora sagana, самец; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (сΛева) и Erebia ajanensis (справа), самцы; 8 — Erebia wanga, самец Fig. 3. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, males; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, female; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, male; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, female; 6 — Damora sagana, male; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (left) and Erebia ajanensis (right), males; 8 — Erebia wanga, male

Рис. 2. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, самец; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, самец; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, самец; 4 — Pieris melete, самец; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, самец; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, самец; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, самцы; 8 — Neptis andetria, самка Fig. 2. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, male; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, male; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, male; 4 — Pieris melete, male; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, male; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, male; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, males; 8 — Neptis andetria, female in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii

Рис. 2. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, самец; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, самец; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, самец; 4 — Pieris melete, самец; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, самец; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, самец; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, самцы; 8 — Neptis andetria, самка Fig. 2. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, male; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, male; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, male; 4 — Pieris melete, male; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, male; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, male; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, males; 8 — Neptis andetria, female

Data from: Female-biased population sex ratios caused by genetic rather than ecological mechanisms in dwarf willow (Salix herbacea L.)

Biased sex ratios among reproductive individuals are common in plants, but the underlying mechanisms, as well as the evolutionary consequences, are not well understood. The classical theory of Düsing and Fisher predicts an equal primary sex ratio at seed production, based on the selective advantage of the rare sex. Biased sex ratios among reproductive plants can arise from sexual dimorphism in survival and flowering. Sex ratio biases can also be present from the seed stage; in these cases, assumptions of Düsing's and Fisher's theory, for example, random mating or demographic equilibrium, are thought to be violated. We investigated mechanisms leading to female-biased sex ratios in the arctic-alpine dwarf willow Salix herbacea L. We studied sex ratios in three natural populations over three years as well as in 29 crosses (full-sib families) under controlled conditions over four growth periods. We tested whether sex ratio was associated with habitat parameters (elevation and snowmelt time), or with germination, survival or flowering, and whether females and males differed in size or flowering that may cause observation bias. We detected a strong and consistent female bias, both in natural populations (sex ratio [proportion of females]: 0.71-0.82) and in our controlled experiment (overall sex ratio: 0.70-0-72). Female bias became more pronounced with increasing elevation. Our data did not support sexual dimorphism in size or flowering. Family sex ratios varied largely (from 0.25 to 1), including many female-biased families, unbiased families and two male-biased families. Families with lower germination, seedling establishment, survival or flowering did not have stronger female bias, indicating that intrinsically higher survival or flowering in females does not explain overall female bias. Synthesis: Our results suggest that sex ratio bias in S. herbacea is already present in seeds and does not arise through intrinsic differences between sexes. Candidate mechanisms that can lead to both overall female bias and variation in sex ratio among families are meiotic drive or cyto-nuclear interactions. The pioneer habit of Salix may lead to non-equilibrium population dynamics that allow for the long-term persistence of variable genetic sex ratio distortion systems that arise from genetic conflict.