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Figure 66. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 66. A, skull of the amphibamid Amphibamus grandiceps (Field Museum of Natural History PR664) from the Westphalian D of Mazon Creek, Illinois, showing the early ossification of most of the circumorbital bones, in contrast to (B), the comparably sized branchiosaurid, Apateon (see Fig. 54C1), in which these bones are slower to ossify. C, skeleton of Amphibamus grandiceps, showing the long, salamander-like tail. Reproduced from Milner (1982).
Figure 73 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 73. Jaw and postcranial elements of the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos. Reproduced from Carroll & Gaskill (1978). A, B, lateral and medial views of the lower jaw as preserved. C, lateral, medial, dorsal, and ventral views of the lower jaw as restored. D, anterior, posterior, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of atlas. E, reconstruction of trunk vertebrae, showing crescentic intercentra. F, base of clavicle. G, humerus in anterior and ventral views. H, radius. I, left ulna in two views. J, sacral vertebrae, ribs, and head of right femur. K, right femur in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, proximal, and distal views. L, tibia in six views. M, foot as restored.
Figure 64 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 64. Skull of Triadobatrachus massinoti in dorsal and ventral views. Reproduced from Rodek (2003).
Figure 63. The Lower Triassic salientian Triadobatrachus masslinoti from Madagascar. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 63. The Lower Triassic salientian Triadobatrachus masslinoti from Madagascar. A, skeleton. Reproduced from Rodek & Rage (2000). B, lateral view of pelvic girdle and rear limb. Reproduced from Jenkins & Shubin (1998).
Figure 65. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 65. A, skull of the amphibamid Doleserpeton from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma in dorsal and palatal views. Reproduced from Bolt (1969). B, skull of the modern hylid frog, Gastrotheca, in dorsal and ventral views. Reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). C, anterior view of atlas of Doleserpeton. D, anterior view of the atlas of the primitive anuran Leiopelma hochstetteri. Reproduced from Stephenson (1952). E, F, changes during development of the trunk vertebrae of Doleserpeton. E, close to maturity, when the centra and intercentra of the most anterior vertebrae are fused, without evidence of sutures, but the more posterior vertebrae still show evidence of their separation during earlier development. The intercentra are much smaller than the pleurocentra. F. Smaller individual in which the arches and centra are not suturally attached and the intercentra are nearly as long as the pleurocentra.
Figure 62. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 62. A, juvenile of one of the most primitive living anurans, Leiopelma; drawing by Cambell Rolian from cleared and stained specimen in the Redpath Museum. B, Notobatrachus degiustoi, a primitive anuran from the Late Jurassic of Argentina. Reproduced from Estes & Reig (1973).
Figure 60 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 60. Two specimens attributed to the primitive branchiosaurid Branchiosaurus sp. from the Westphalian D of Mazon Creek, Illinois. Reproduced from Milner (1982). A, skull of United States National Museum 4400 in palatal view. Note the similarity of the hyoid elements to those of the Middle Jurassic salamander Chunerpeton tianyiensis (Fig. 47). B, Yale Peabody Museum 802, showing palate and infillings of the digestive tract.
Figure 58 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 58. Sequence of ossification of the bones of the forelimb (top) and hindlimb (bottom) of Apateon. A, stage III, specimen number ATD 6. B, forelimb only, stage IV, ATD 106. C, stage V, ATD 290. D, stage V, ATD 231. Specimens in Figs 58 and 59 are from the Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz. The darker the bones, the greater the level of ossification. *Preaxial side of limb.
Figure 46 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 46. Geological time scale, showing temporal duration of taxa pertinent to the ancestry of the modern amphibian orders [time scale from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2004)].
Figure 54 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 54. Comparative views of the sequence of ossification of the dermal skull bones of the uppermost Carboniferous branchiosaurid Apateon caducus (on the left), and the extant salamandrid Notophthalmus viridescens on the right. A1–E1, succession of growth stages illustrated in specimens from the Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz; specimen numbers 1478, 1460, 1464, 1280, and 1530. A2–D2, developmental sequence of cleared and stained specimens of the salamandrid Notophthalmus viridescens (Redpath Museum, McGill University, specimen numbers 5007, and 5009–5011). Bone is red and, where viewed on edge, black; cartilage is blue. Note the very early appearance of the squamosal, when most of the surrounding skull is still cartilaginous. The maxilla, however, ossifies long after the premaxilla.
Figure 31 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 31. Patterns of the jaw musculature in the larvae of frogs and salamanders, as seen in ventral view. A, the tadpole of Rana catesbeiana. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999), after Gradwell (1972). B, the salamandrid Taricha granulosa. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000).
Figure 50 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 50. Albanerpetontids, an enigmatic clade known from the Middle Jurassic into the Miocene that has been suggested as being related to the extant amphibian orders. A, skeleton of Celtedens megacephalus from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Reproduced from McGowan & Evans (1995). B–L, Albanerpeton inexpectatum from the upper Miocene of France. Reproduced from Estes & Hoffstetter (1976). B, C, skull in lateral and dorsal views. D, E, lateral and medial views of lower jaw. F, single tooth (much enlarged). G–I, atlas vertebra in anterior, lateral, and ventral views. J–L, fused second and third vertebrae in anterior, lateral, and ventral views.
Figure 36 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 36. Skull of the conservative living caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosis, in dorsal, palatal, and ventral views. Reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press).
Figure 42 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 42. Comparisons of the lower jaws of the primitive living caecilian Epicrionops, A1–C1 [reproduced from Nussbaum (1977)], and the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia, A2–C2 [reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press)], in lateral, medial, and dorsal views. D, ventral view of the lower jaw of Eocaecilia, showing a groove for the passage of the pterygoideus muscle (g pt m), which extends under the lower jaw to maintain its attachment with the stapes–quadrate against the force of the interhyoideus posterior.
Figure 39 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 39. Chondrocranium of the primitive caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus. Reproduced from Peter (1898). Note the striking differences from chondrocrania of frogs and salamanders (Fig. 27).
Figure 30 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 30. Patterns of the jaw musculature in the larvae of frogs and salamanders, as seen in lateral view. A, the tadpole of Rana catesbeiana. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999), after Gradwell (1972). B, the salamandrid Taricha granulosa. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000).
Figure 28 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 28. Progressive changes in the configuration of the hyobranchial apparatus among anurans. A, Rana. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999). B, Pelodytes. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999). C, Bombina. Reproduced from Rodek (2003).
Figure 27 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 27. Chondrocrania, palatoquadrate, and Meckel's cartilage of a salamander and anurans. A, the chondrocranium, lower jaw, and branchial apparatus of a late larva of the hynobiid Ranodon. Modified from Rose (2003). This presumably represents a primitive pattern for amphibians, as it retains plesiomorphic features of extant members of basal actinopterygian and sarcopterygian groups (deBeer, 1937, 1985). B, an early stage (21) of the primitive anuran Ascaphus truei, showing some resemblance to early larvae of salamanders. Reproduced from Reiss (1997). C, advanced larval stage of Ascaphus truei, showing the anterior extension of the palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage, and the large suprarostral and infrarostral cartilages. Reproduced from Pusey (1943). D, advanced tadpole of Rana temporaria. Reproduced from Pusey (1938). E, larva of Rana temporaria, approaching metamorphosis, showing features in common with the larva of Ranodon. Reproduced from Pusey (1938).
Figure 33 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 33. Lateral view showing the change in orientation of the jaw muscles of anurans between the larval condition (A), and a metamorphosed frog (B). Reproduced from de Jongh (1968).
Figure 57 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 57. Branchial denticles in Palaeozoic branchiosaurs and a modern salamander. A, branchial tooth plates with attached denticles from the micromelerpetontid Micromelerpeton credneri from Odernheim, Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz, specimen number N226. This typified the primitive pattern for temnospondyls. B, branchial denticles in the branchiosaurid Apateon (Royal Ontario Museum, Canada, 44276). C, reconstruction of hyobranchial elements and branchial denticles of the branchiosaurid Apateon. Reproduced from Boy & Sues (2000). D, branchial denticles associated with the gill slits in Ambystoma tigrinum (Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, 7255).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.