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Figures 20- 21 from: Doorenweerd C, Ekayanti A, Rubinoff D (2020) The Dacini fruit fly fauna of Sulawesi fits Lydekker's line but also supports Wallacea as a biogeographic region (Diptera, Tephritidae). ZooKeys 973: 103-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.55327

Figures 20- 21 Maximum Likelihood trees based on COI (20) and EF1-alpha (21) DNA sequence data for Bactrocera melastomatos and allied species, using B. lombokensis Drew & Hancock and B. digressa Radhakrishnan as outgroup. Branch support values are rapid bootstrap values and approximate-likelihood ratio test values, scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Full details on the samples can be found in BOLD dataset DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-DACSU.

Figure 1 from: Doorenweerd C, Ekayanti A, Rubinoff D (2020) The Dacini fruit fly fauna of Sulawesi fits Lydekker's line but also supports Wallacea as a biogeographic region (Diptera, Tephritidae). ZooKeys 973: 103-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.55327

Figure 1 Map of Sulawesi and neighboring areas showing the four sampling localities with orange spots; the three localities in South Sulawesi were in close proximity to each other. Two typical biogeographical boundaries are indicated with dotted lines: Wallace's line and Lydekker's line. Land masses west of Wallace's line were connected during ice ages as Sunda, east of Lydekker's line land masses were connected as Sahul. Islands in between the two biogeographical boundaries were never connected by land and are jointly known as Wallacea.

Figures 16-19 from: Doorenweerd C, Ekayanti A, Rubinoff D (2020) The Dacini fruit fly fauna of Sulawesi fits Lydekker's line but also supports Wallacea as a biogeographic region (Diptera, Tephritidae). ZooKeys 973: 103-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.55327

Figures 16-19 Sulawesi Bactrocera melastomatos resemble sympatric Bactrocera usitata16 specimen ms09144 B. usitata, dorsal view 17 close up of abdomen of ms09144 18 specimen ms08838 B. melastomatos, dorsal view 19 close up of abdomen of ms08838.

Figures 8-13 from: Doorenweerd C, Ekayanti A, Rubinoff D (2020) The Dacini fruit fly fauna of Sulawesi fits Lydekker's line but also supports Wallacea as a biogeographic region (Diptera, Tephritidae). ZooKeys 973: 103-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.55327

Figures 8-13 Two forms of Dacus longicornis8D. longicornis collected in Bangladesh, Pabna district, 30-ix-3-x-2013 Leg. M. A. Hossain 9D. longicornis collected in Bangladesh, Maulvi Bazar Rainforest resort, Leg. L. Leblanc & M. A. Hossain 10 specimen ms08424, collected in Sulawesi, with a faint medial postsutural yellow vitta 11 specimen ms08432, collected in Sulawesi 12 specimen ms08428, collected in Sulawesi 13 specimen ms08421, collected in Sulawesi.

Figures 2-7 from: Doorenweerd C, Ekayanti A, Rubinoff D (2020) The Dacini fruit fly fauna of Sulawesi fits Lydekker's line but also supports Wallacea as a biogeographic region (Diptera, Tephritidae). ZooKeys 973: 103-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.55327

Figures 2-7 Bactrocera (Bactrocera) niogreta sp. nov. Holotype, ms09121 2 dorsal view 3 frontal view of the face 4 lateral view 5 posterior view of the abdomen showing the ceromatae 6 dissected wing 7 lateral close-up of the genitalia.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: Female mating experience and genetic background independently influence male mating success in fruit flies

<p>When the reproductive interests of males and females conflict, males can evolve traits that are harmful to females, and females can coevolve traits to resist this harm. In the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, there is genetic variation in female resistance traits, which can affect the pre- and post-mating success of males that try to mate with them. However, it is not clear to what extent the expression of these phenotypes can be modified by environmental factors such as sociosexual experience. Here, we tested how the genetic background of a female and her previous mating experience interact to affect the mating success of focal males. In the experience phase, we placed females from 28 distinct genetic backgrounds individually either with a single male (low conflict) or with three males (high conflict) for 48 hours. In the subsequent test phase, we measured the mating and post-mating fertilization success of focal males paired individually with each female. We found that focal males paired with females from the high conflict treatment were less successful at mating, took longer to mate when they were successful, and had a lower proportion of paternity share. Furthermore, we identified significant female genetic variation associated with male mating success. These results indicate that female experience, along with intrinsic genetic factors, can independently influence different fitness components of her subsequent mates and has implications for our understanding of plastic female mating strategies and the evolution of sexually antagonistic traits in males and females.</p>

opencc-zeroMay 2019View details →

Data from: Range-wide population genomics of the Mexican fruit fly: towards development of pathway analysis tools

Recurrently invading pests provide unique challenges for pest management, but also present opportunities to utilize genomics to understand invasion dynamics and inform regulatory management through pathway analysis. In the southern United States, the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens is such a pest, and its incursions into Texas and California represent major threats to the agricultural systems of those regions. We developed a draft genome assembly for A. ludens, conducted range-wide population genomics using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, and then developed and demonstrated a panel of highly-differentiated diagnostic SNPs for source determination of intercepted flies in this system. Using 2,081 genome-wide SNPs, we identified four populations across the range of A. ludens, corresponding to western Mexico, eastern Mexico/Texas, Guatemala/Belize/Honduras, and Costa Rica/Panama, with some intergradation present between clusters, particularly in Central America. From this population genomics framework, we developed a diagnostic panel of 28 highly-differentiated SNPs that were able to recreate the genome-wide population structure in this species. We demonstrated this panel on a set of test specimens, including specimens intercepted as part of regular trapping surveillance in Texas and California, and we were able to predict populations of origin for these specimens. This methodology presents a highly applied use of genomic techniques and can be implemented in any group of recurrently invading pests.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Resource limitation and responses to rivals in males of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Diet has a profound direct and indirect effect on reproductive success in both sexes. Variation in diet quality and quantity can significantly alter the capacity of females to lay eggs and of males to deliver courtship. Here, we tested the effect of dietary resource limitation on the ability of male Drosophila melanogaster to respond adaptively to rivals by extending their mating duration. Previous work carried out under ad libitum diet conditions showed that males exposed to rivals prior to mating significantly extend mating duration, transfer more ejaculate proteins and achieve higher reproductive success. Such adaptive responses are predicted to occur because male ejaculate production may be limited. Hence, ejaculate resources require allocation across different reproductive bouts, to balance current vs. future reproductive success. However, when males suffer dietary limitation, and potentially have fewer reproductive resources to apportion, we expect adaptive allocation of responses to rivals to be minimized. We tested this prediction and found that males held on agar-only diets for 5–7 days lost the ability to extend mating following exposure to rivals. Interestingly, extended mating was retained in males held on low yeast/sugar: no sugar/yeast diet treatments, but was mostly lost when males were maintained on 'imbalanced' diets in which there was high yeast: no sugar and vice versa. Overall, the results show that males exhibit adaptive responses to rivals according to the degree of dietary resource limitation and to the ratio of individual diet components.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

Data from: No evidence of positive assortative mating for genetic quality in fruit flies

In sexual populations the effectiveness of selection will depend on how gametes combine with respect to genetic quality. If gametes with deleterious alleles are likely to combine with one another, deleterious genetic variation can be more easily purged by selection. Assortative mating, where there is a positive correlation between parents in a phenotype of interest such as body size, is often observed in nature, but does not necessarily reveal how gametes ultimately combine with respect to genetic quality itself. We manipulated genetic quality in fruit fly populations using an inbreeding scheme designed to provide an unbiased measure of mating patterns. While inbred flies had substantially reduced reproductive success, their gametes did not combine with those of other inbred flies more often than expected by chance, indicating a lack of positive assortative mating. Instead, we detected a negative correlation in genetic quality between parents, i.e., disassortative mating, which diminished with age. This pattern is expected to reduce the genetic variance for fitness, diminishing the effectiveness of selection. We discuss how mechanisms of sexual selection could produce a pattern of disassortative mating. Our study highlights that sexual selection has the potential to either increase or decrease genetic load.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Fruit flies medicate offspring after seeing parasites

Hosts have numerous defenses against parasites, of which behavioral immune responses are an important but under-appreciated component. Here we describe a behavioral immune response Drosophila melanogaster utilizes against endoparasitoid wasps. We found that when flies see wasps they switch to laying eggs in alcohol-laden food sources that protect hatched larvae from infection. This oviposition behavior change, mediated by neuropeptide F, is retained long after wasps are removed. Flies respond to diverse female larval endoparasitoids but not to pupal endoparasitoids or males, showing they maintain specific wasp search images. Furthermore, the response evolved multiple times across the genus Drosophila. Our data reveal a behavioral immune response based on anticipatory medication of offspring, and outline a non-associative memory paradigm based on innate parasite recognition by the host.

opencc-zeroAug 2019View details →

Data from: Viral infection causes sex-specific changes in fruit fly social aggregation behaviour

Host behavioural changes following infection are common and could be important determinants of host behavioural competence to transmit pathogens. Identifying potential sources of variation in sickness behaviours is therefore central to our understanding of disease transmission. Here, we test how group social aggregation and individual locomotor activity vary between different genotypes of male and female fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) following septic infection with Drosophila C Virus. We find genetic-based variation in both locomotor activity and social aggregation but we did not detect an effect of DCV infection on fly activity or sleep patterns within the initial days following infection. However, DCV infection caused sex-specific effects on social aggregation, as male flies in most genetic backgrounds increased the distance to their nearest neighbour when infected. We discuss possible causes for these differences in the context of individual variation in immunity and their potential consequences for disease transmission.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Tracking the origins of fly invasions; using mitochondrial haplotype diversity to identify potential source populations in two genetically intertwined fruit fly species (Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera dorsalis [Diptera: Tephritidae])

Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock and B. dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests of many fruits. These flies have been spread across the world through global travel and trade, and new areas are are at risk of invasion. Whenever new invasive populations are discovered, quick and accurate identification is needed to mitigate the damage they can cause. Determining invasive pathways can prevent further spread of pests as well as subsequent reinvasions through the same pathway. Molecular markers can be used for both species identification and pathway analysis. We analyzed 1601 individuals from 18 populations using 765 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene to infer the haplotype diversity and population structure within these flies from across their native and invasive ranges. We analyzed these samples by either grouping by species or geographic populations due to the genetic similarity in the mitochondrial genome. We found no genetic structure between B. dorsalis and B. carambolae and our findings suggest recent and most likely ongoing, genetic exchange between these two species in the wild. Hyper-diverse mitochondrial genetic diversity in the native range suggests large population sizes and relatively high mutation rates. Only 52% of the haplotypes found in the trap captures from California are shared with haplotypes from flies found in our global survey, indicating significant genetic diversity in the native range that is missing from our samples. However, these results provide a foundation for the accurate determination of the provenance of invasive populations around the world.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies.

Individual responses to dietary variation represent a fundamental component of fitness, and nutritional adaptation can occur over just a few generations. Maternal effects can show marked proximate responses to nutrition, but whether they contribute to longer-term dietary adaptation is unclear. Here we tested the hypotheses that maternal effects: (i) contribute to dietary adaptation, (ii) diminish when dietary conditions are constant between generations, (iii) are trait-specific and (iv) interact with high- and low-quality food. We used experimental evolution regimes in the medfly (Ceratitis capitata) to test these predictions by subjecting an outbred laboratory-adapted population to replicated experimental evolution on either constant high calorie sugar ('A') or low-calorie starch ('S') larval diets, with a standard adult diet across both regimes. We measured the contribution of maternal effects by comparing developmental and adult phenotypes of individuals reared on their own diet with those swapped onto the opposite diet for either one or two generations (high and low maternal effect conditions, respectively), both at the start and after 30 generations of selection. Initially, there were strong maternal effects on female body mass and male mating success but not larval survival. Interestingly, the initial maternal effects observed in female body mass and male mating success showed sex-specific interactions when individuals from high calorie regimes were tested on low calorie diets. However, as populations responded to selection, the effects of maternal provisioning on all traits diminished. The results broadly supported the predictions. They show how the contribution of maternal effects to dietary responses evolves in a context-dependent manner, with significant variation across different fitness-related traits. We conclude that maternal effects can evolve during nutritional adaptation and hence may be an important life history trait to measure, rather than to routinely minimise.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Cultural flies: conformist social learning in fruit flies predicts long-lasting mate-choice traditions

Despite theoretical justification for the evolution of animal culture, there is still scant empirical evidence for it beyond mammals and birds, and we still know little about the process of cultural inheritance. Here, we propose a mechanism-driven definition of animal culture and test it in the fruit fly. We found that fruit flies have five cognitive capacities that enable them to transmit mating preferences culturally across generations, potentially fostering persistent traditions (the main marker of culture) in mating preference. A transmission chain experiment validates a model of the emergence of local traditions indicating that such social transmission may lead initially neutral traits to become adaptive, hence strongly selecting for copying and conformity, a situation that, although suggested decades ago, still had little empirical support.

opencc-zeroOct 2016View details →

Data from: High genetic diversity in the offshore island populations of the tephritid fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis

Background: Geographic isolation is an important factor that limit species dispersal and thereby affects genetic diversity. Because islands are often small and surrounded by a natural water barrier to dispersal, they generally form discrete isolated habitats. Therefore, islands may play a key role in the distribution of the genetic diversity of insects, including flies. Results: To characterize the genetic structure of island populations of Bactrocera dorsalis, we analyzed a dataset containing both microsatellite and mtDNA loci of B. dorsalis samples collected from six offshore islands in Southern China. The microsatellite data revealed a high level of genetic diversity among these six island populations based on observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (HE), Nei's standard genetic distance (D), genetic identity (I) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PIC). These island populations had low F ST values (F ST = 0.04161), and only 4.16 % of the total genetic variation in the species was found on these islands, as determined by an analysis of molecular variance. Based on the mtDNA COI data, high nucleotide diversity (0.9655) and haplotype diversity (0.00680) were observed in all six island populations. F-statistics showed that the six island populations exhibited low or medium levels of genetic differentiation among some island populations. To investigate the population differentiation between the sampled locations, a factorial correspondence analysis and both the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean and Bayesian clustering methods were used to analyze the microsatellite data. The results showed that Hebao Island, Weizhou Island and Dong'ao Island were grouped together in one clade. Another clade consisted of Shangchuan Island and Naozhou Island, and a final, separate clade contained only the Wailingding Island population. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA COI sequences revealed that the populations on each of these six islands were closely related to different populations on mainland China. Conclusions: Our study suggests that these island populations have high genetic diversity, experience frequent gene flow and exhibit low or medium levels of genetic differentiation among some island populations. Therefore, the geographic isolation of the six islands does not appear to be a major dispersal barrier to B. dorsalis. Such knowledge is helpful for a better understanding of evolutionary processes of the species of island populations.

FIGURES 36–38. Spermatheca.—36. Carpophthoromyia dimidiata.—37. C. schoutedeni.—38. C in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)

FIGURES 36–38. Spermatheca.—36. Carpophthoromyia dimidiata.—37. C. schoutedeni.—38. C. interrupta.

FIGURES 10–12. Wing.—10. Carpophthoromyia interrupta.—11. C. schoutedeni.—12. C in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)

FIGURES 10–12. Wing.—10. Carpophthoromyia interrupta.—11. C. schoutedeni.—12. C. tritea.

FIGURES 7–9. Wing.—7. Carpophthoromyia dimidiata. —8. C. vittata.—9. C in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)

FIGURES 7–9. Wing.—7. Carpophthoromyia dimidiata. —8. C. vittata.—9. C. pseudotritea.

FIGURES 1–3. Wing.—1. Carpophthoromyia debeckeri.—2. C in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)

FIGURES 1–3. Wing.—1. Carpophthoromyia debeckeri.—2. C. litterata (female).—3. C. litterata (male).

FIGURES 4–6. Wing.—4. Carpophthoromyia procera.—5. C. speciosa.—6. C in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)

FIGURES 4–6. Wing.—4. Carpophthoromyia procera.—5. C. speciosa.—6. C. tessmanni.