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Fig. 8. The tribosphenidan Kermackia texana Slaughter, 1971 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 8. The tribosphenidan Kermackia texana Slaughter, 1971 from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. A. SMP−SMU 62402, RM1 in occlusal (A1) and buccal (A2) views. B. OMNH 67134, Rp5 in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. PM 1245, Rmx in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. OMNH 63893, Lmx in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. SMP−SMU 62398, Rmx (holotype) in occlusal (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. PM 922, Rmx in occlusal (F1), lingual (F2), and distal (F3) views (arrow indicates the presence of wear facet 5, sensu Crompton 1971). G. SMP−SMU 61728, left dentary fragment with m3 (holotype of Trinititherium slaughteri Butler, 1978) in occlusal (G1), lingual (G2), and buccal (G3) views (arrow indicates mesial base of ascending ramus, suggesting that the ultimate molar is preserved).

Fig. 11 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 11. Upper dentitions of Cretaceous eutherians. A. Prokennalestes (P4–M3), Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. B. Paranyctoides (P5–M1), Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan, Alberta, and Utah. C. Holoclemensia (P4–M3, with some reconstruction indicated by dashed outlines, and P5 hypothetical and shaded grey), Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. Note the flange−like parastyle on M1 and reduced stylocone on all molars, shared characteristics of early eutherians. Not to scale. A, modified from KielanJaworowska and Dashzeveg (1989); B modified from Kielan−Jaworowska et al. (2004).

Fig. 7. The basal eutherian Holoclemensia texana Slaughter, 1968b in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 7. The basal eutherian Holoclemensia texana Slaughter, 1968b from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas (A–E). A. SMP−SMU 62399, Lp5 in occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. SMP−SMU 61727, Lm1 in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. PM 887, Rm1 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. PM 1005, Rm2 in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. OMNH 62412, Rm3 in occlusal (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. SMP−SMU 61726, Lmx referred to Holoclemensia sp. in occlusal (F1) and lingual (F2) views.

Fig. 10 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 10. Tribosphenida indet. from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. A. PM 1075, LM4 in occlusal (A1) and buccal (A2) views. B. PM 948, Rmx in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), and oblique lingual (B3) views (arrow indicates lingual cingulid).

Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 2. Osteological measurements used in the regression analyses, illustrated on the bones of a postcranial skeleton of Ursus maritimus. A. Femur in anterior (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and in the posterior (A3), medial (A4), and lateral (A5) views of the distal epiphysis. B. Tibia in anterior (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Humerus in anterior (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. Ulna in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Radius in anterior (E1) and lateral (E2) views. For abbreviations and definitions of measurements, see Table 3.

Fig. 4 in New dryolestidan mammal from the Hauterivian-Barremian transition of the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 4. Drawings of Dryolestida left upper−molar, modified from the original descriptions. A–C, Kimmeridgian; D–F, Tithonian–Berriasian; G–H, early Barremian; I, late Barremian. A. Left M4 or M5 of Comotherium richi Prothero, 1981, from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Como Bluff locality, Wyoming, USA. B. Right M5, reversed, of Dryolestes leiriensis Martin, 1999, from Guimarota, Portugal. C. Left M6 of Krebsotherium lusitanicum Martin, 1999, from Guimarota, Portugal. D. Right M4 or M 6 (reversed) of Portopinheirodon asymmetricus Martin, 1999, Porto Pinheiro, Lourinha, Portugal. E. Right M5 (reversed) of Laolestes andresi Martin, 1999, from Porto Pinheiro, Lourinha, Portugal. F. Right upper molar of Donodon perscriptoris Sigogneau−Russell, 1991, Anoual, Morocco. G. Left M4 or M 5 of Crusafontia amoae sp. nov., holotype, Cuesta Corrales 2, El Castellar Formation, Galve, Teruel, Spain. H. Right M6 or M 7 (reversed) of Crusafontia amoae sp. nov., first described as upper molar of Crusafontia cuencana by Krebs (1993), P−2 H4 Pelejón 2, Galve, Teruel, Spain. I. Left M2 or M3, of Crusafontia cuencana Henkel and Krebs, 1969, Uña, La Huérguina Formation, Cuenca, Spain, (from Krebs 1993). Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New dryolestidan mammal from the Hauterivian-Barremian transition of the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological setting of Galve (Teruel, Spain). A. Simplified geological map of the Iberian Peninsula. B. Palaeogeographic subbasins within the Maestrazgo Basin and active faults during Early Cretaceous sedimentation, modified from Salas et al. (2001), and the palaeogeographical—and geographical—relationship with the Uña area (Cuenca, Spain). C. Litho− and chronostratigraphy of the Mesozoic mammal record from the areas of Galve and Uña. Abbreviations: Ga, Galve; Mo, Morella; Ol, Oliete; Pa, Las Parras; Pe, Perelló; Pg, Peñagolosa; Sa, Salzedella.

Fig. 6 in New dryolestidan mammal from the Hauterivian-Barremian transition of the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 6. Drawings of premolars modified and assigned to dryolestids in Martin (1998). A. Nomenclature of the "peramuran" premolars. B. Left P4 and P5 of Peramus tenuirostris modified after Clemens and Mills (1971). C. Right P4 here assigned to Pocamus pepelui Galve Th 23, reversed, modified after Martin (1998). D. Right P5 of Pocamus pepelui (holotype) from Poca, modified after Canudo and Cuenca−Bescós (1996). E. Left upper molar of Afriquiamus nessovi, modified after Sigogneau−Russell (1999). F–H. Deciduous premolars (dP) and premolars of Dryolestida for comparison with those of "Peramurans". F. Right dP3–4 of Dryolestes leiriensis (reversed) modified after Martin (1997, 1999). G. Right P4 of Dryolestes leiriensis (reversed) modified after Martin (1999). H. Left P3 and P4 of Krebsotherium lusitanicum modified after Martin (1999). Note that the molars are all drawn with the mesial side to the left; thus some are reversed drawings.

Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 4. Box plots of the residuals (log−scale) derived from multiple regression functions. A. Residuals derived from the cranium regression. B. Residuals derived from the mandible regression. C. Residuals derived from the radius regression. D. Residuals derived from the ulna regression. E. Residuals derived from the tibia regression F. Residuals derived from the humerus regression. G. Residuals derived from the femur regression. Vertical lines inside the boxes are the medians. Box length is the interquartile range (IQR) and shows the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles. Horizontal bars include the largest and smallest values (5–95% confidence limits). Black dots are outliers. Dark grey tones represent the family Ursidae and light grey tones the family Canidae.

Fig. 6 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 6. Mean values of body mass (y−axis, log10−scale) estimated for all amphicyonids included in this study. Each amphicyonid species is represented by a symbol positioned at the midpoint of its stratigraphic range (x−axis; data from Hunt 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009; Peigné et al. 2006). Timescale (in Ma) from Prothero (1998).

Fig. 3 in New dryolestidan mammal from the Hauterivian-Barremian transition of the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 3. Dryolestidan mammal Crusafontia amoae sp. nov., MPZ CC2−1 M4 or M5, holotype, from the site of Cuesta Corrales 2, Colladico Blanco level, El Castellar Formation, Galve, Teruel, Spain in, occlusal (A), mesial (B), labial (C), distal (D), and lingual (E) views. The schematic drawing of C. amoae, in the box in the lower left−hand corner shows the main anatomical elements of the occlusal surface of a dryolestidan.

Fig. 2 in New dryolestidan mammal from the Hauterivian-Barremian transition of the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 2. Geological setting of the Mesozoic mammal fossil sites from the Galve area. Stratigraphy of the Wealden facies and geological mapping of the Galve syncline (modified from Díaz Molina and Yébenes 1987).

Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246. in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246.

Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of three extinct beardogs (right column) compared with their presumed analogues or ecomorphs among the living caniforms (left column). A. Ursus arctos. B. Canis lupus. C. Canis latrans. D. Ysengrinia americana. E. Daphoenodon superbus. F. Daphoenus vetus. Note the three different size classes among these caniforms, and the three types of ecomorphs mentioned in the text. Drawings by Óscar San−Isidro.

Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 3. Bivariate plots with the scores of 442 specimens on the bivariate craniodental morphospaces depicted by the first three principal components. A. Morphospace depicted from first (x−axis) and second (y−axis) principal components. B. Morphospace depicted from second (x−axis) and third (y−axis) principal components.

Fig. 4 in A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene-earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships of Umayodus raimondi gen. et sp. nov. Strict consensus (115 steps) from two most parsimonious trees of 110 steps, indicating the common synapomorphies of the most important nodes and the biochron of the taxa included. Geochronology and magnetostratigraphy follow Luterbacher et al. (2004). Biochronological units follow Gelfo et al (2009) for SALMAs and faunas.

Fig. 2 in A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene-earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru

Fig. 2. Didolodontid mammal Umayodus raimondi gen. et sp. nov. from the Muñani Formation (late Paleocene–earliest Eocene) of Laguna Umayo, Peru; LU3−801 (holotype) in occlusal view. A. Jean R. Remy's artistic drawing. B. Diagram of LU3−801 specimen showing the nomenclature of cusp mentioned in the text. Abbreviation: ac 1, accesory cusp 1; ac 2, accesory cusp 2.

Fig. 1 in A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene-earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru

Fig. 1. Didolodontid mammal Umayodus raimondi gen. et sp. nov. from the Muñani Formation (late Paleocene– earliest Eocene) of Laguna Umayo, Peru; LU3−801 (holotype), in occlusal (A) and labial (B) views.

Fig. 3 in A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene-earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru

Fig. 3. Plot of the maximum length and width relationship of the last lower molars in Kollpaniinae (white circles) and Didolodontidae (black circles). Umayodus raimondi gen. et sp. nov. (star). Measurements of Kollpaniinae and Didolodontidae represent an average of several specimens and were taken from the literature (Muizon and Cifelli 2000; Gelfo 2006, 2007a).