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FIGURE 7 in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 7. Unusual aggregation of different ant species biting on the same leaf and even onto the stoma from another infected ant. Arrows show the four different ants (two species) dead at the same spot. Image: João Araújo.

FIGURE 4. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani a in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 4. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani a) Camponotus indianus biting into a leaf, several stromata arising from dorsal pronotum, mesonotum and leg joints, with a characteristic purplish coloration. a-1) lateral, fertile cushion (ascoma); a-2) Close up of the dead ant's head showing the biting behavior. b) Section through ascoma showing perithecial arrangement (bar = 500 μm); c) Ascospore after 24 h, with very long capilliconidiophores (1-3) with capilliconidia at the tip (bar = 50 μm); c-1) Detail of fusoid capilliconidium (bar = 10 μm); d) Close up of perithecia showing asci arrangement and the semi-erumpent ostiole (bar = 50 μm); e) Ascus showing the spiral arrangement of ascospores (bar = 20 μm); e-1) Ascus cap detail (bar = 5 μm); f) Section of upper part of stroma showing asexual morph (Hirsutellalike A type), with long-necked phialides (bar = 10 μm); g) Phialides formed as mycelial cushions (sporodochia) on leg joints and antenna (Hirsutella-like C type) (bar = 10 μm). Images: João Araújo.

FIGURE 2. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis a in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 2. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis a) Single stroma, characteristic of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato, with a single lateral ascoma, arising anteriorly from pronotum of Camponotus atriceps, firmly attached to the edge of the leaf (bar = 3 mm); b) Detail of fertile region (ascoma) (bar = 0.8 mm); c) Section through ascoma showing the mainly immersed perithecial arrangement (bar = 200 μm); d) Ascospore with a needle-like outgrowth (capilliconidiophore) producing terminal conidium (bar = 20 μm); e) Close-up of conidium (bar = 10 μm); f) Close-up of perithecium (bar = 50 μm); g) Ascus, clavate in shape and with a prominent cap (bar = 20 μm); h) Section of upper part of stroma showing asexual morph (Hirsutella-like A type), with a palisade of subulate phialides (bar = 10 μm) Images: João Araújo.

FIGURE 5. Maximum-likelihood tree obtained from a in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 5. Maximum-likelihood tree obtained from a concatenated dataset of three genes (nu-SSU, nu-LSU, ITS) showing the placement of O.camponoti-atricipis, O. camponoti-bispinosi and O. camponoti-indiani within Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex and relative to other Ophiocordycipitaceae species. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap scores>70 (ML/MP).

FIGURE 1 in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 1. Map showing the forest reserves sampled in the central Brazilian Amazon: A) Reserva Adolpho Ducke; B) Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas; C) Parque Nacional do Viruá; D) Estação Ecológica de Maracá.

FIGURE 3. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-bispinosi a in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 3. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-bispinosi a) Infected Camponotus bispinosus biting into tip of palm leaf; b) Close-up showing biting behavior; c) Section through ascoma showing perithecial arrangement (bar = 100 μm); d) Ascospore after 48 h germinating with a single capilliconidiophore with a capilliconidium at the tip (bar = 10 μm), upper right corner shows the capilliconidium in close-up (bar = 10 μm); e) Section of perithecium showing the arrangement of asci (bar = 50 μm); f-g) Detail showing the prominent ascus cap (bar = 10 μm); h) Section of the swollen stromatal tip with the asexual morph (Hirsutella-like A) (bar = 10 μm). Images: João Araújo.

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FIGURE 3 in Introducing Ophiocordyceps thanathonensis, a new species of entomogenous fungi on ants, and a reference specimen for O. pseudolloydii

FIGURE 3 Ophiocordyceps pseudolloydii (MFLU 16–2914, reference specimen). a Habitat of Ophiocordyceps pseudolloydii. b Ascostroma emerging from infected ant host. c Fertile head of ascostroma. d Vertical sections showing the completely embedded obliquely aligned perithecia. e Perithecia. f Peridium. g–i Immature to mature asci. j Asci in Indian ink. k Apical cap of ascus. l, m Secondary ascospore. n, o Culture on PDA medium, obverse and reverse view. Scale Bars: b, d–f = 1000 μm, c = 200 μm, g–j = 500 μm, k = 100 μm, l = 20 μm, m = 10 μm, n, o = 20 mm.

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FIGURE 2 in Introducing Ophiocordyceps thanathonensis, a new species of entomogenous fungi on ants, and a reference specimen for O. pseudolloydii

FIGURE 2 Ophiocordyceps thanathonensis (MFLU 16–2908, holotype). a Habitat of Ophiocordyceps thanathonensis. b Ascostroma emerging from infected ants. c, d Overview of host. e Fertile head of ascostroma. f Vertical section of the stroma. g, h Ascomata. i Peridium. j–l Immature to mature asci. m Apical cap of asci. n Parts of ascospores. o–q Secondary ascospore. Scale Bars: d–f = 1000 μm, g = 500 μm, h = 200 μm, i–l = 100 μm, m = 10 μm, n = 20 μm, o–q = 5 μm.

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FIGURE 1 in Introducing Ophiocordyceps thanathonensis, a new species of entomogenous fungi on ants, and a reference specimen for O. pseudolloydii

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Ophiocordyceps thanathonensis and O. pseudolloydii generated from maximum likelihood analysis of ITS, SSU, LSU, RPB1, and TEF1α sequence data. Tolypocladium inflatum and T. ophioglossoides were used as outgroup taxa. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values greater than 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities over 0.95 are indicated above the nodes. The new species were indicated in blue.he ex-types are indicated in bold. The pathogens of ants are marked with ant drawings.

FIGURES 13–17. Fig. 13 in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

FIGURES 13–17. Fig. 13. Posterior trochanters of Dasymutilla males. 13A. Posterior trochanters produced into a blunt tooth internally. 13B. Posterior trochanters not produced into a blunt tooth internally. Fig. 14. Sternum II of Dasymutilla males. 14A. Sternum II lacking a median pit densely filled with setae. 14B. Sternum II with a median pit densely filled with setae. Fig. 15. Positioning of pit on sternum II of Dasymutilla males. 15A. Sternal pit anterior of center. 15B. Sternal pit median in position. 15C. Sternal pit posterior of center. Fig. 16. Pygidium of Dasymutilla males. 16A. Pygidium with an apical fringe of setae. 16B. Pygidium lacking an apical fringe of setae. Fig. 17. Posterolateral angles of last sternum of Dasymutilla males. 17A. Posterolateral angles dentate. 17B. Posterolateral angles rounded.

FIGURES 10–12. Fig. 10. Sternum II in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

FIGURES 10–12. Fig. 10. Sternum II of Dasymutilla. 10A. Sternum II scabrous at sides and apex. 10B. Sternum II not scabrous at sides and apex, merely punctate. Fig. 11. Scutellum of Dasymutilla males. 11A. Axillae of scutellum short and blunt. 11B. Axillae of scutellum long and pointed. 11C. Axillae of scutellum long, joined posteriorly, and with a median arm projecting anteriorly to form a "W"-shaped structure. Fig. 12. Wings of Dasymutilla males. 12A. Wings banded. 12B. Wings not banded, color uniform.

PLATE 3 in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

PLATE 3. Male genitalia of Dasymutilla. A. D. nocticaro. B. D. sinaloa. C. D. spiniscapula. D. D. truxali. E. D. sleipniri. F. D. veracruz. G. D. wasbaueri.

FIGURES 1–3. Fig. 1. Antennal scrobes. 1A. Antennal scrobes carinate. 1B. Antennal scrobes ecarinate. Fig. 2 in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

FIGURES 1–3. Fig. 1. Antennal scrobes. 1A. Antennal scrobes carinate. 1B. Antennal scrobes ecarinate. Fig. 2. Mandibles of Dasymutilla. 2A. Mandible bidentate. 2B. Mandible tridentate. Fig. 3. Apex of hind femur. 3A. Apex truncate and sulcate. 3B. Apex rounded and not sulcate.

FIGURE 5–9. Fig. 5. Antennal flagellomeres. 5A. Flagellomere I long, about 2X in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

FIGURE 5–9. Fig. 5. Antennal flagellomeres. 5A. Flagellomere I long, about 2X as long as wide, and about as long as III and IV united. 5B. Flagellomere I shorter, less than 2X as long as wide, and shorter than III and IV united. Fig. 6. Genae of Dasymutilla. 6A. Genal carina present. 6B. Gena ecarinate. Fig. 7. Posterolateral angles of head of Dasymutilla. 7A. Posterolateral angles bearing glabrous tubercles directed outward towards the compound eyes. 7B. Posterolateral angles lacking glabrous tubercles. Fig. 8. Shape of mesosoma of Dasymutilla females. 8A. Mesosoma long and narrow, longer than broad. 8B. Mesosoma short and broad, as broad as long. Fig. 9. Scutellar scale of Dasymutilla females. 9A. Scutellar scale present. 9B. Scutellar scale absent.

PLATE 1 in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

PLATE 1. Male genitalia of Dasymutilla. A. D. atrata. B. D. baylegi. C. D. bimaculata. D. D. boharti. E. D. brazilia. F. D. chamela. G. D. chillcotti. H. D. fimbriata. I. D. guanacaste.

PLATE 2 in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species

PLATE 2. Male genitalia of Dasymutilla. A. D. impressa. B. D. ionothorax. C. D. loreto. D. D. mazatlanorum. E. D. mirabilis. F. D. mirapenis. G. D. modgudi. H. D. naranjo.

Figure 4 in Genus Pseudolepturges Gilmour (1957) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae): a new species from Bolivia, key to the species of the genus and first reports of a possible Pseudomyrmex ant mimic in longhorn beetles

Figure 4. Habitat of Pseudolepturges triplarinus sp. nov. and its potential ant model Pseudomyrmex triplarinus Weddell: (a) Trees of Triplaris americana (L.) Pav. Ex Meisn. (indicated by white arrows). (b) Ants of Pseudomyrmex triplarinus on the stem of T. americana.

Figure 1 in Genus Pseudolepturges Gilmour (1957) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae): a new species from Bolivia, key to the species of the genus and first reports of a possible Pseudomyrmex ant mimic in longhorn beetles

Figure 1. Study area and collection location of Pseudolepturges triplarinus sp. nov. (a) South America. (b) Bolivia; the area of the Bolivian orocline indicated by black rectangle; map derived from Natural Earth World physical map with shaded relief at 1.24 km resolution (Natural Earth (public domain): http://www.naturalearthdata.com). (c) Ecosystems at the Bolivian orocline, Santa Cruz department, Bolivia; map derived with the shapefile of the biogeographical regionalization by Navarro and Ferreira (2011), using the Geographic Information System QGIS 2.14 (available at http://www.qgis. org/en/site/), study area indicated by red point. AN, anthropogenic habitat; AF, Amazon rainforest; CF, Chiquitano forest; GC, Gran Chaco forest; TF, Bolivian Tucuman forest; Y, Bolivian Yungas forest.

Figure 3 in Genus Pseudolepturges Gilmour (1957) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae): a new species from Bolivia, key to the species of the genus and first reports of a possible Pseudomyrmex ant mimic in longhorn beetles

Figure 3. Comparison between Pseudolepturges triplarinus sp. nov., Pseudolepturges rufulus (Bates) and Pseudolepturges caesius Monné & Monné: (a,b) Pseudolepturges triplarinus sp. nov. holotype male: (a) head in lateral view; (b) anterior half of elytra; (c,d) Pseudolepturges rufulus (Bates), male; (a) head in lateral view; (b) anterior half of elytra. (e) Pseudolepturges caesius Monné & Monné, holotype female, dorsal view.

Figure 2 in Genus Pseudolepturges Gilmour (1957) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae): a new species from Bolivia, key to the species of the genus and first reports of a possible Pseudomyrmex ant mimic in longhorn beetles

Figure 2. Comparison between Pseudolepturges triplarinus sp. nov. and Pseudolepturges rufulus (Bates): (a,b,c,g) P. triplarinus sp. nov. holotype male; (a) dorsal view, (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view; (g) frontal view. (d,e,f,h) P. rufulus, male; (d) dorsal view; (e) ventral view; (f) lateral view; (h) frontal view.