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1,369 results for “sexual dimorphism”
FIGURE 2 in Unusual sexually dimorphic head morphology in Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)-a new species of the genus Trivialia Malloch from Peru
FIGURE 2. Trivialia aitupa, sp. nov., holotype male. A. Head, lateral view. B. Head, anterior view. C. Head and thorax, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, dorsal view. E. Abdomen, ventral view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Unusual sexually dimorphic head morphology in Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)-a new species of the genus Trivialia Malloch from Peru
FIGURE 1. Trivialia aitupa, sp. nov., holotype male. A. Habitus, lateral view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm. B. Type locality in Quincemil, Cusco Province, Peru (courtesy of D.M. Takiya).
FIGURE 3 in Unusual sexually dimorphic head morphology in Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)-a new species of the genus Trivialia Malloch from Peru
FIGURE 3. Trivialia aitupa, sp. nov., paratype female. A. Habitus, lateral view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm. B. Head, lateral view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Head, dorsal view. E. Abdomen, dorsal view. Measure bar = 0.5 mm.
Data and code from Wang et al. "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber)"
<p>Data and code from Wang et al., "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (<em>Pseudotriton ruber</em>)"</p>
An evolutionary explanation of female-biased sexual size dimorphism in North Sea plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.
<p>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is caused by differences in selection pressures and life-history trade-offs faced by males and females. Proximate causes of SSD may involve sex-specific mortality, energy acquisition, and energy expenditure for maintenance, reproductive tissues, and reproductive behavior. Using a quantitative, individual-based, eco-genetic model parameterized for North Sea plaice, we explore the importance of these mechanisms for female-biased SSD, under which males are smaller and reach sexual maturity earlier than females (common among fish, but also arising in arthropods and mammals). We consider two mechanisms potentially serving as ultimate causes: (a) Male investments in male reproductive behavior might evolve to detract energy resources that would otherwise be available for somatic growth, and (b) diminishing returns on male reproductive investments might evolve to reduce energy acquisition. In general, both of these can bring about smaller male body sizes. We report the following findings. First, higher investments in male reproductive behavior alone cannot explain the North Sea plaice SSD. This is because such higher reproductive investments require increased energy acquisition, which would cause a delay in maturation, leading to male-biased SSD contrary to observations. When accounting for the observed differential (lower) male mortality, maturation is postponed even further, leading to even larger males. Second, diminishing returns on male reproductive investments alone can qualitatively account for the North Sea plaice SSD, even though the quantitative match is imperfect. Third, both mechanisms can be reconciled with, and thus provide a mechanistic basis for, the previously advanced Ghiselin–Reiss hypothesis, according to which smaller males will evolve if their reproductive success is dominated by scramble competition for fertilizing females, as males would consequently invest more in reproduction than growth, potentially implying lower survival rates, and thus relaxing male–male competition. Fourth, a good quantitative fit with the North Sea plaice SSD is achieved by combining both mechanisms while accounting for sex-specific costs males incur during their spawning season. Fifth, evolution caused by fishing is likely to have modified the North Sea plaice SSD.</p>
Sexual dimorphism in an adaptive radiation: Does intersexual niche differentiation result in ecological character displacement?
<p>Evolutionary radiations are one plausible explanation for the rich biodiversity on Earth. Adaptive radiations are the most studied form of evolutionary radiations and ecological opportunity has been identified as one factor permitting them. Competition among individuals is supposedly highest in populations of conspecifics. Divergent modes of resource use might minimize trophic overlap, and thus intersexual competition, resulting in ecological character displacement between sexes. However, the role of intersexual differentiation in speciation processes is insufficiently studied. The few studies available suggest that sexual niche differentiation exists in adaptive radiations, but their role within the radiation, and the extent of differentiation within the organism itself, remains largely unexplored. Here, we test the hypothesis that multiple morphological structures are affected by sexual niche differentiation in "roundfin" <i>Telmatherina</i>, the first case where sexual niche differentiation was demonstrated in an adaptive fish radiation. We show that sexes of two of the three morphospecies differ in several structural components of the head, all of these are likely adaptive. Sexual differentiation is linked to the respective morphospecies-specific ecology and affects several axes of variation. Trait variation translates into different feeding modes, processing types and habitat usages that add to interspecific variation in all three morphospecies. Intrasexual selection, i.e. male-male competition, may contribute to variation in some of the traits, but appears unlikely in internal structures which are invisible for other individuals. We conclude that intersexual variation adds to the adaptive diversity of roundfins, and might play a key role in minimizing intersexual competition in emerging radiations.</p>
Rapid evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition
<p>Sex differences in ecologically-important traits are common in animals and plants, and prompted Darwin to first propose an ecological cause of sexual dimorphism. Despite theoretical plausibility and Darwin's original notion, a role for ecological resource competition in the evolution of sexual dimorphism has never been directly demonstrated and remains controversial. I used experimental evolution in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to test the hypothesis that resource competition can drive the evolution of sex differences in diet. Following just three generations of adaptation, offspring from flies evolved in low-resource, high-competition environments show elevated sexual dimorphism in diet preference compared to both the ancestor and populations evolved on high resource availability. This increased sexual dimorphism was the result of divergence in male sucrose intake and female yeast intake consistent with the differential nutritional requirements of the sexes. These results provide the first real-time direct evidence for evolution of sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic revision of Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Patagonia, Argentina with morphometric analysis of their intraspecific shape variability and sexual dimorphism
FIGURE 7. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (n-MDS) plot for male and female outlines, normalized for area from ET lake. Inset shows superposition of the virtual mean shape outline of males (light blue) and females (black).
FIGURE 5. Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. A in Taxonomic revision of Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Patagonia, Argentina with morphometric analysis of their intraspecific shape variability and sexual dimorphism
FIGURE 5. Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. A. Hemipenis (UNC-PMIC 160 male). B. T1 (UNC-PMIC 153 ES female). C. Lpp (UNC-PMIC 161 male). D. Rpp (UNC-PMIC 161 male). E Zenker organ (UNC-PMIC 160 male). F. T2 (UNC-PMIC 153 ES female). G. Genital hooks (UNC-PMIC 154 ES female). H. T3 (UNC-PMIC 153 ES female). I.UR (UNC-PMIC 154 ES female). Scale bar: 100 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic revision of Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Patagonia, Argentina with morphometric analysis of their intraspecific shape variability and sexual dimorphism
FIGURE 1. Geographic location of the surveyed lakes. The upper left map shows Argentina with the Patagonian region in dark grey. The lower left map shows the sampled region with the four surveyed areas (black boxes), which correspond to the regions A, B, C, and D. Grey polygons correspond to water bodies (surveyed in black). The legends indicate the altitude in meters above sea level (masl) based on a digital elevation model (DEM; source www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov.gov), where the upper (A and B), and lower (C and D) panels share the same scale.
FIGURE 2. Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. A in Taxonomic revision of Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Patagonia, Argentina with morphometric analysis of their intraspecific shape variability and sexual dimorphism
FIGURE 2. Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. A ES female RV external view (UNC-PMIC 149). B ET female RV external view (UNC-PMIC 153). C ET male RV external view (UNC-PMIC 158). D–E ES female LV external view (PMIC 148). F ET male LV external view (UNC-PMIC 158), G ET female Cp dorsal view (UNC-PMIC 154). H ET male Cp dorsal view (UNC- PMIC 159). I–K ES female RV internal view (PMIC 149). L–N ES female LV internal view (UNC-PMIC 148). O ET female Cp ventral view (UNC-PMIC 155). P ETC RV external view (UNC-PMIC 162). Q ETC LV internal view (UNC-PMIC 163). R He female LV internal view (UNC-PMIC 164). Scale bar= 300 µm; E= 50 µm and I, K, L, N= 100 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic revision of Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Patagonia, Argentina with morphometric analysis of their intraspecific shape variability and sexual dimorphism
FIGURE 9. Boxplots showing carapace length (a), Height (b) and H:L (c) of ETf, ETm, ETC, and ES populations. The line within the box marks the median; the lower and upper boundaries of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles, respectively, and black points indicate outliers.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic revision of Cypridopsis silvestrii comb. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Patagonia, Argentina with morphometric analysis of their intraspecific shape variability and sexual dimorphism
FIGURE 6. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (n-MDS) plot showing shape variability (valve outlines were normalized for area) of extant and subfossil populations, with superimposition of reconstructed mean shape outline of each population.
FIGURES 17–20 in An interesting sexually dimorphic species, Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Parakalummidae) with remarks on sexual dimorphism in Oripodoidea
FIGURES 17–20. Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov., adult: 17—fEmalE, dorsal viEW; 18—malE, dorsal viEW; 19—fEmalE, postErior viEW; 20—malE, postErior viEW. ScalE bar 60 µm.
FIGURES 13–16 in An interesting sexually dimorphic species, Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Parakalummidae) with remarks on sexual dimorphism in Oripodoidea
FIGURES 13–16. Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov., adult: 13—lEg I, right, antiaxial viEW; 14—gEnu, fEmur and trochantEr of lEg II, right, antiaxial viEW; 15—gEnu, fEmur and trochantEr of lEg III, lEft, antiaxial viEW; 16—lEg IV, lEft, antiaxial viEW. ScalE bar 20 µm.
FIGURES 6–7 in An interesting sexually dimorphic species, Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Parakalummidae) with remarks on sexual dimorphism in Oripodoidea
FIGURES 6–7. Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov., adult, postErior viEW: 6—malE; 7—fEmalE. ScalE bar 100 µm.
FIGURES 8–12 in An interesting sexually dimorphic species, Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Parakalummidae) with remarks on sexual dimorphism in Oripodoidea
FIGURES 8–12. Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov., adult: 8—malE, postErior part of body, latEral viEW; 9—fEmalE, postErior part of body, latEral viEW; 10—subcapitulum of fEmalE, vEntral viEW; 11—palp of fEmalE, right, antiaxial viEW, and postpalpal sEta; 12—chElicEra of fEmalE, right, antiaxial viEW. ScalE bars 50 µm (8, 9), 15 µm (10–12).
FIGURES 3–5 in An interesting sexually dimorphic species, Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Parakalummidae) with remarks on sexual dimorphism in Oripodoidea
FIGURES 3–5. Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov., adult: 3—malE, prodorsum (latEral sidEs not shoWn), frontal viEW; 4— fEmalE, postErior part of notogastEr, dorsal viEW; 5—malE, antErior part of body, latEral viEW. ScalE bar 50 µm.
FIGURE 2 in An interesting sexually dimorphic species, Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Parakalummidae) with remarks on sexual dimorphism in Oripodoidea
FIGURE 2. Neoribates isabelaensis sp. nov., adult: malE, vEntral viEW (gnathosoma and lEgs not shoWn). ScalE bar 50 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Neoelmis guarani Shepard & Barr, a sexually dimorphic new species from Paraguay (Insecta: Coleoptera: Elmidae: Elminae)
FIGURE 7. Neoelmis guarani, female dorsal habitus; length 2.3 mm. Arrow indicates paired elytral protuberances.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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