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FIG. 3. Cytochrome b in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 3. Cytochrome b (MT-CYB) genetic distances between parental species that hybridize in different tetrapod groups. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no significant differences across the groups (P ¼ 0.661). Salamanders are not hybridizing across greater genetic distances.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIG. 1 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 1. Salamander hybrids are found in most families (Pyron and Wiens, 2011). About 12.1% of salamanders are known to hybridize with over half belonging to Plethodontidae. There was no significant correlation between the number of papers per species and the proportion of salamanders found to hybridize (Kendall's rank correlation P ¼ 0.236).

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FIG. 4 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 4. Genetic distance ratio of mitochondrial cytochrome b (MTCYB) to nuclear recombination activating 1 (RAG1) for pairs of species that hybridize in major tetrapod clade on a log scale. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no strong significant differences across the four groups (P ¼ 0.108).

FIG. 1 in A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species

FIG. 1. Population structuring in Aneides aeneus (Castaneides) as identified using 12 microsatellite loci and TESS. (A) Results of running TESS assuming the number of populations (K) ranges from two through six. Each column represents an individual, and the colors in each bar indicate the population each individual is assigned to. The height and color of each bar represents the admixture proportion for that individual. Results for a single run are shown. (B) Representation of best-fit (K ¼ 4) TESS results in geographic space. Samples are shown as pie charts, with colors corresponding to the populations identified in A, and the fractions corresponding to each sample's admixture proportions.

FIG. 4 in A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species

FIG. 4. Images representing Aneides aeneus (A) and A. caryaensis (B). Aneides caryaensis is characterized by smaller and less connected lichen-like patches of bright green to yellowish-green pigment.

FIG. 3 in A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species

FIG. 3. Nuclear phylogenies as estimated by (A) SVDquartets and (B) RAxML. Filled circles denote nodes with support values.95%, empty circles denote nodes with support values.90%, and all other nodal support values are indicated as text. Numbered/colored circles enclosing monophyletic groups in the trees indicate species as identified by PTP when applied to the best tree identified by RAxML. Support for these species are as follows: 1) 44%, 2) 82%, 3) 50%. Low support values for the HNG are due to zero branch lengths (see Fig. S4; see Data Accessibility). Corresponding circles are similarly shown on the tree inferred by SVDquartets. However, PTP was not applied to this phylogeny as SVDquartets does not yet infer branch lengths. See Data Accessibility for tree files.

FIG. 2 in A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species

FIG. 2. Mitochondrial phylogenetic lineages within Aneides aeneus (Castaneides). (A) Localities of samples used in the mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis. The type locality (Nickajack Cave) is in Tennessee, at the border with Alabama; specimens from this vicinity are nested in the southern Appalachian clade. Red stars are locations used in the nuclear phylogenetic reconstruction. (B) Bayesian consensus tree of Cytochrome b and 12S rDNA sequences as produced by BEAST 2. Node labels represent posterior probabilities for the four main lineage splits within A. aeneus (Castaneides). Outgroup contains one voucher specimen each of A. hardii and A. flavipunctatus, obtained from GenBank. Numbered stars indicate clades identified by PTP to comprise unique species across the majority of the posterior distribution. Support values for clades are as follows: 1) 59%, 2) 91%, 3) 71%, 4) 93%. See Data Accessibility for tree file.

FIG. 5 in A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species

FIG. 5. Results of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) using 14 morphological characters. For both analyses, data were normalized where possible and necessary (longest toe, 5th toe log-transformed; adpressed limbs converted to absolute value and then log-transformed). (A) PCA with points and normal data ellipses colored by species. (B) Density plot of prediction accuracy by LDA across 1,000 permutations of samples for the training and prediction sets.

FIG. 4 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama

FIG. 4. Haplotype network based on (A) new cyt b samples and (B) combined cyt b samples. Size of circle indicates number of individuals possessing a haplotype. Blue ¼ P. glutinosus; pink ¼ P. grobmani; orange ¼ P. mississippi.

FIG. 3 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama

FIG. 3. Bayesian analysis of cyt b data from combined samples. Nodes with probabilities greater than 95% are indicated. See Data Accessibility for tree file.

FIG. 2 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama

FIG. 2. Bayesian analysis of (A) cyt b data and (B) RPL12 data from new samples. Nodes with probabilities greater than 95% are indicated. See Data Accessibility for tree files.

FIG. 1 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama

FIG. 1. Map of sample areas in Alabama. Solid symbols are new data generated during this study; open symbols are data from GenBank. Solid line, patterned after Cunningham et al. (2009), separates regions used to identify P. glutinosus (northeast portion of state), P. grobmani (southeastern portion of state), and P. mississippi (western portion of state).

FIG. 3 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 3. Estimated probability of occupancy (black bars) and detection (gray bars) for salamander species along Spavinaw Creek, Benton County, Arkansas, USA. Estimates are based on three 10 min nocturnal visual surveys per site. Error bars represent 95% credible intervals.

FIG. 5 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 5. Effect of microhabitat PC1 on occupancy probability of E. lucifuga and E. longicauda along Spavinaw Creek. Solid lines represent the mean relationship between PC1 scores and occupancy probability and dashed lines are the 95% credible intervals for estimates of the covariate effect.

FIG. 4 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 4. Effect of distance upstream of Oklahoma border on occupancy probability of D. monticola along Spavinaw Creek, Arkansas, USA. Solid line represents the mean relationship between distance and occupancy probability and dashed lines are the 95% credible intervals for estimates of the covariate effect.

FIG. 6 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 6. Number of new captures and recaptures of individual D. monticola per survey at 10 m x 3 m mark-recapture site on Spavinaw Creek, Arkansas.

FIG. 1 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 1. Map of study locations sampled to investigate distribution and abundance of non-native Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) along Spavinaw Creek, Benton County, northwest Arkansas, USA, relative to adjacent regions of Oklahoma and Missouri. Inset shows the location of each occupancy sampling site along Spavinaw Creek, with filled circles indicating sites found to be occupied by D. monticola. Sites are numbered (Fig. 2) sequentially from west to east. The location of the capture-mark-recapture site (site 17) is indicated by the hollow black circle.

FIG. 2 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 2. Salamanders captured by species and sampling site during low-intensity occupancy surveys along Spavinaw Creek, northwest Arkansas. Captures represent totals over three 10 min nocturnal visual surveys per site. An asterisk (*) denotes the site where density was estimated via capture-mark-recapture.

opennotspecifiedSep 2021View details →

FIG. 7 in A New Relict Species of Slender Salamander (Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) with a Tiny Range from Point Arguello, California

FIG. 7. Distribution of B. wakei. (A) Topographic relief map, with black dots marking the four localities at which B. wakei has been found; population numbers are as in Table 1. White dots indicate nearby localities for B. nigriventris on Vandenberg Space Force Base. Map tiles by Stamen Design, under a CC BY 3.0 license. Map data by OpenStreetMap under ODbL. (B) Inset of coastal region showing hypothesized range of B. wakei.