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Figures 69-88 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 69-88 Sitticines of Canada: Attulus, continued 69–73Attulus (Attulus) ammophilus: 69palp (Ontario, Oakville) 70, 71 ventral view of epigyne, dorsal view of cleared vulva (Ontario, Hamilton) 72 male (British Columbia, 49.08, -119.52) 73 female (British Columbia, 49.08, -119.52) 74–78A. (Sitticus) fasciger (Ontario, 43.3508, -79.7593): 74 palp 75, 76 ventral view of epigyne, dorsal view of cleared vulva 77 male 78 female 79–83A. (S.) finschi: 79 palp (Ontario, Wawa) 80, 81 ventral view of epigyne, dorsal view of cleared vulva (Saskatchewan, 55.31, -105.11) 82 male (Saskatchewan, 55.31, -105.11) 83 female (Saskatchewan, 55.27, -105.19) 84–88A. (S.) pubescens: 84 palp (Massachusetts, Milton) 85, 86 ventral view of epigyne, dorsal view of cleared vulva (Massachusetts, Arlington) 87 male (Massachusetts, Cambridge) 88 female (Massachusetts, Cambridge). For other images of Attulus (Sitticus), see Figs 39–47.

Figures 143-153 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 143-153 Chromosomes of meiosis of Attulus subgenus Attulus, continued 143–146Attulus floricola, with an extra small bivalent (s) to make 28a+XaXa0, Ontario (44.43, -79.65): 143, 144 first metaphase 145 second division, showing one nucleus with 14 acrocentrics, the other with 14 acrocentrics and the two condensed Xs 147–149Attulus inexpectus, showing 13 acrocentric bivalents and the sex chromosomes (26a+XaXa0), Tuva (50.6690, 92.9844) 150, 151Attulus sp. (ambiguously identified, either A. rupicola or floricola), tentatively intepreted as having 24a+XaXaXaYm, Switzerland (46.9, 9.2): 151 same, sex chromosomes from another nucleus 152Attulus cutleri, with 26a+XaXaYa, Canada (68.35, -133.70) 153 same, sex chromosomes from another nucleus

Figure 165 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figure 165 Chromosome evolution in sitticines. Ancestral nodes show the most parsimonious reconstruction of the evolution of Y via X-autosome fusions (black) from the X1X20 sex chromosome system (white). Phylogeny from Figure 48 with species added as follows: Attinella concolor is very similar in body and genitalia to A. dorsata; likewise Sittisax saxicola to S. ranieri; Attulus caricis position based on COI results (Fig. 96). The similar pair A. cutleri and A. striatus were placed as sisters to the floricola group based on their inclusion in the floricola group by Logunov and Kronestedt (1997) and in Sittiflor by Prószyński (2017a). Base chromosome number is directly the number of autosomes if the species has XX0 sex chromosomes, but is interpreted as the number of autosomes +2 if the species has XXY sex chromosomes (apparently derived by a single fusion that would have consumed an autosomal pair), or + 4 if XXXY (apparently derived by two fusions that would have consumed two pairs). Uncertain scoring is shown by parentheses (see Table 2).

Figures 120-128 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 120-128 Tomis manabita, sp. nov. 120, 121 Left palp of holotype 120 ventral view 121 retrolateral view 122 ventral view of epigyne of paratype 123 dorsal view of same, cleared 124–128 specimens from type locality 124 male 125 male 126 female 127 male holotype 128 female paratype.

Figure 104 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figure 104 Relationships among Attulus floricola mitochondrial COI sequences in the context of the floricola group. Specimens in bold had their relationships constrained by the UCE phylogeny of Fig. 48; not shown are the relationships outside the floricola group, which are fixed to match the UCE phylogeny. The placement of non-bold specimens on this constrained skeletal tree was inferred by maximum likelihood (RAxML, codon positions as separate partitions).

Figures 1-14 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 1-14 Subtribe Aillutticina (1–4) and the Jollas-Tomis clade of the subtribe Sitticina (5–14) 1–4Aillutticus nitens, Uruguay (-34.877, -56.023): 1–3 male 4 female 5, 6Tomis palpalis male and female, Ecuador (-0.1996, -77.7023) 7, 8Jollas species: 7J. cupreus male, Ecuador (-0.675, -76.397) 8Jollas sp. female, Ecuador (-0.7223, -77.6408) 9J. leucoproctus, Uruguay (-34.94, -54.95) 10J. flabellatus, Uruguay (-34.426, -55.195) 11–14Attinella dorsata male (11–13) and female (14), Canada (48.870, -123.379). Also included in the Jollas-Tomis clade is Sittisax (Figs 99–103). Additional members of the Jollas-Tomis clade can be seen in Figs 108–128.

Figures 105-107 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 105-107 Epigynes of Attinella dorsata and Tomis welchi105 holotype of Attus dorsatus Banks, 1895, epigyne, ventral view 106, 107 holotype of Sitticus welchi Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 106 epigyne, ventral view 107 cleared vulva, dorsal view.

Figures 129-139 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 129-139 Chromosomes of first meiotic division in males of the Jollas-Tomis clade 129, 130Attinella concolor, with only seven pairs of autosomes, but each two-armed, 14m+Xm0, Florida (29.63N, 82.37W) 131Tomis manabita, showing the two Xs off to one pole, and 13 acrocentric bivalents on the metaphase plate, Ecuador (0.9S, 80.5W) 132–136Sittisax ranieri, whose distinctive XmXaYm appears as a rabbit head with a droopy ear. White triangles show points where two bivalents are apparently linked together 134–136 details of XXY of S. ranieri137–139Sittisax saxicola, with sex chromsomes, interpreted tentatively as XaXaXaYm, appearing as a rabbit head with three ears, Switzlerland (46.9N, 9.2E).

Figures 108-119 from: Maddison WP, Maddison DR, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2020) Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.39691

Figures 108-119 Jollas cupreus, sp. nov. (except 112, J. puntalara) 108, 109 Left palp of holotype 108 ventral view 109 retrolateral view 110 ventral view of epigyne of paratype 111 dorsal view of same, cleared 112 palp of holotype of J. puntalara Galiano 113–115 holotype male 116 male from Yasuní, Ecuador (-0.675, -76.397) 117 holotype male in alcohol 118, 119 paratype female.

Figs 96–98 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 96–98. Aetana pasambai Huber, sp. nov. 96. Male prosoma, oblique frontal view. 97–98. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

Figs 224–228 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 224–228. Aetana lozadae Huber, sp. nov. 224–225. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 226. Male prosoma, oblique frontal view. 227–228. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

Figs 57–61 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 57–61. Aetana kiukoki Huber, sp. nov. 57–58. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 59. Male prosoma, oblique frontal view. 60–61. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

Figs 204–212. A. omayan Huber, 2005. 204 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 204–212. A. omayan Huber, 2005. 204. Left procursus tip (ventral lamina), retrolateral view. 205. Right procursus tip (pointed sclerite and ventral lamina), prolateral view. 206. Male gonopore. 207. Detail of male tarsus 1. 208–209. Comb-hairs on male tarsus 4. 210–211. Male and female ALS. 212. Epigynum. Scale lines: 204 = 50 µm; 205 = 40 µm; 206, 208 = 30 µm; 207 = 60 µm; 209 = 8 µm; 210–211 = 20 µm; 212 = 400 µm.

Figs 195–203. — 195–197 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 195–203. — 195–197. Aetana abadae Huber, sp. nov. 195. Epigynum, ventral view. 196. Detail of preceding, showing opening of membranous pocket (arrow on Fig. 195). 197. Female ALS. — 198–203. A. omayan Huber, 2005. 198. Male prosoma, frontal view. 199. Left palp, retrolateral view. 200–201. Right procursus, prolatero-dorsal and prolateral views. 202. Detail of preceding. 203. Male palpal tarsal organ. b = genital bulb; e = embolus; f = femur; p = procursus; rp = retrolatero-ventral process; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 195, 199 = 300 µm; 196, 202 = 40 µm; 197, 203 = 10 µm; 198 = 500 µm; 200 = 200 µm; 201 = 100 µm.

Figs 51–56. Live specimens. Aetana kiukoki group. 51–53. A in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 51–56. Live specimens. Aetana kiukoki group. 51–53. A. kiukoki Huber, sp. nov., ♂ from Baganihan (51), ♂ and ♀ from Santo Domingo (52–53), Mindanao. 54. A. paragua Huber, sp. nov., ♀ from Dinagat Island, Mindanao. 55–56. A. loboc Huber, sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with eggsac from near Loboc, Bohol.

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Meta-analysis reveals materiomic relationships in major ampullate silk across the spider phylogeny

<p>Spider Major Ampullate (MA) silk, with its combination of strength and extensibility, outperforms any synthetic equivalents. There is thus much interest in understanding its underlying materiome. While expression of the different silk proteins (spidroins) appears an integral component of silk performance, our understanding of the nature of the relationship between the spidroins, their constituent amino acids, and MA silk mechanics is ambiguous. To provide clarity on these relationships across spider species we performed a meta-analysis utilizing phylogenetic comparative methods. These showed that glycine and proline, both of which are indicators of differential spidroin expression, had effects on MA silk mechanics across the phylogeny. We also found serine to correlate with silk mechanics, probably via its presence within the carboxyl and amino terminal domains of the spidroins. From our analyses we concluded that spidroin expression shifts across the phylogeny from predominantly MaSp1 in the MA silks of ancestral spiders to predominantly MaSp2 in the more derived spider's silks. This trend was accompanied by an enhanced ultimate strain and decreased Young's modulus in the silks. Our meta-analysis enabled us to decipher between real and apparent influences on MA silk properties, providing significant insights into spider silk and web co-evolution and enhancing our capacity to create spider silk-like materials.</p>

Figure 4 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 4 Gibellula pigmentosinuma fungus on spider (BBH 28509); b perithecia; c an ascus with an apical apparatus; d ascospore; e part-spores; f conidiophores; g conidial heads; h conidia; i granulomanus-like asexual morph; j colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 28 days. Scale bars: 1 mm (b); 500 μm (d); 100 μm (f); 50 μm (g); 20 μm (c, i); 10 μm (e, h).

Figure 5 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 5 Gibellula scorpioidesa fungus on a spider (BBH 29669) b fungus on a spider (BBH 31439) c perithecia (BBH 31439) d conidiophores arising on synnema (BBH 29669) e penicillate conidiophore (BBH 29669) f conidia (BBH 29669) g asci (BBH 31439) h ascus with apical apparatus (BBH 31439) i ascospores (BBH 31439) j penicillate conidiophore produced on PDAk conidia on PDAl colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 4 months. Scale bars: 500 μm (c); 50 μm (d, g); 20 μm (e, h–j); 10 μm (f, k).

Figure 2 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 2 Gibellula cebrenninia fungus on spider (BBH 35749) b perithecia c a part of synnema showing conidiophores d perithecium e asci with apical apparatus f ascospores g conidiophore h conidial head i conidia j granulomanus-like asexual morph k colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 28 days. Scale bars: 1 mm (d); 50 μm (e–f, g); 20 μm (h, j); 10 μm (i).

Figure 3 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 3 Gibellula fusiformisporaa fungus on a spider (BBH 38838) b fungus on a spider (BBH 32918) c synnemata (BBH 32918) d, e perithecia (BBH 38838) f ascus (BBH 38838) g ascospores (BBH 38838) h conidia (BBH 32918) i conidiophores showing conidial heads (BBH 32918) j conidial head bearing conidia (BCC 32918) k colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 20 days. Scale bars: 250 μm (e); 100 μm (i); 50 μm (g); 20 μm (f, h, j).