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Figure 2 in Lek phenology of the White-bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus, Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae) in a subtropical region
Figure 2. Correlation between the frequency of female visits and duration of display bouts of males of Manacus manacus across the year. Vertical and horizontal lines represent standard errors in the frequency of female visits and duration of display bouts of males, respectively. Nine resident males were observed each at 2-month intervals.
Figure 1 in Diversity and abundance of fungivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) associated with leaf-litter and bark across forest types and two tree genera in subtropical Australia
Figure 1. Morphological diversity among fungal-feeding thrips. (A) Anaglyptothrips dugdalei; (B) Baenothrips moundi; (C) Corroboreethrips sp. nr subsolanus; (D) Horistothrips australiae; (E) Merothrips floridensis; (F) Uzelothrips scabrosus; (G) Psalidothrips sp. nov. "A"; (H) Zemiathrips uptoni; (I) Gen. nov. Phlaeothripinae "N".
Figure 2 in Diversity and abundance of fungivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) associated with leaf-litter and bark across forest types and two tree genera in subtropical Australia
Figure 2. Location of the D'Aguilar National Park, within the Macpherson–Macleay overlap where the Torresian and Bassian zones come together, which results in increased biodiversity.
Alpha-diversity, Beta-diversity and host-specificity of wood-boring longhorn beetle (Cerambycidea) in Asian tropical and subtropical forests
<p><span>A long-debated question in ecology is whether the hyper-diversity of tropical plant-feeding insects is a direct consequence of high tropical plant diversity and/or should be attributed to increases in host plant specialization. To address this debate, we used the longhorn beetle as a study system because their larval stages feed on the xylems of trees and lianas. We hypothesized that longhorn beetles show higher host-specificity in tropical forests than in other forests; alternatively, the high longhorn beetle diversity in the tropics may simply be owing to more diverse host plants. We therefore designed an investigation in tropical and subtropical forests to test these hypotheses. We adapted several analyses (i.e., non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, alpha-diversity, beta-dissimilarity indices comparisons, and variation partitioning based on redundancy analysis) to compare the species diversity of plants and longhorn beetles in different forests. Our results show that both the plant and beetle species in the tropical and subtropical areas were well-stratified (non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis). The beetle alpha-diversity in the tropical forests was significantly higher than that in the subtropical forests, but the plant alpha-diversity in the two types of forests were not significantly different. The beta-dissimilarity comparison showed that the plant species exerted a significant influence on beetle compositional assemblage in the tropical forests, but not in the subtropical forests. Finally, the variation partitioning results showed that both plant species and plant phylogenetic beta-diversity possessed significant explanatory power for beetle assemblage composition in the tropical forests, but not in the subtropical forests. We conclude that wood-boring longhorn beetles show higher host-specificity in tropical forests than in subtropical forests, and the high diversity of wood-boring longhorn beetles in tropical forests might be explained to a large extent by their more finely partitioned diet-breadth.</span></p>
A combination of morphological and photosynthetic functional traits maintains the vertical distribution of bryophytes in a subtropical cloud forest
<p><span>The distribution and performance of bryophyte species are known to vary with vertical gradients, due to changes in environmental factors, especially light conditions. However, the morphological and physiological drivers of bryophyte distribution along forest vertical gradients are poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span><span><b>Methods</b><b>:</b> We conducted a comparative analysis of 28 morphological and photosynthetic functional traits in 18 species of mosses and liverworts distributed among three vertical microhabitats (ground, tree trunk, and branch) to analyze trait variance among the microhabitats and bryophyte life–forms in a subtropical cloud forest in Ailao Mountain, Yunnan, southwest China. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize trait differences among bryophyte species.</span></span></p> <p><span><b>Key Results: </b></span><span>In contrast to trunk and ground dwellers, branch dwellers tend to reduce light interception (smaller leaf and cell sizes, lower chlorophyll content); protect against damage from intense irradiation (higher ratios of carotenoids to chlorophyll); raise light energy utilization (higher photosynthetic capacity) and cope with lower environmental moisture conditions (pendant life-forms, thicker cell wall). Principal component analysis showed that ecological strategies of bryophytes in response to levels of irradiation were specialized in branch–dwellers, although those in ground and trunk–dwelling species were less distinct.</span></p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Environmental filtering shaped the functional traits combination and spatial distribution of bryophytes along the vertical gradients. Bryophyte species from upper canopy of cloud forests show narrow variation in functional traits under intense light , whereas species in the lower vertical strata associated with low levels of light intensity exhibited contrasting, but more diverse ecological strategies.</p>
Figure 3 in Nest-site microhabitat association of red-billed leiothrix in subtropical fragmented forest in central China: evidence for a reverse edge effect on nest predation risk?
Figure 3. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of 237 sample units of microhabitat characteristics in the forest, and the joint plot of NMS scores with important microhabitat variables (r2> 0.2). The first and third axes represent 30% and 46% of the total variation, respectively.
Figure 4 in Nest-site microhabitat association of red-billed leiothrix in subtropical fragmented forest in central China: evidence for a reverse edge effect on nest predation risk?
Figure 4. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of 134 sample units of microhabitat characteristics in the scrub-grassland, and the joint plot of NMS scores with important microhabitat variables (r2> 0.2). The first and second axes represent 78% and 15% of the total variation, respectively.
Figure 1 in Nest-site microhabitat association of red-billed leiothrix in subtropical fragmented forest in central China: evidence for a reverse edge effect on nest predation risk?
Figure 1. Study areas and vegetation types for nest-site selection of the red-billed leiothrix in Daweishan Nature Reserve (DSNR; 28°20′54″–28°28′47″N, 114°01′51″–114°12′52″E), Hunan Province, China.
Figure 1 in Breeding behaviour of the Omei tree frog Rhacophorus omeimontis (Anura: Rachophoridae) in a subtropical montane region
Figure 1. Pictures of breeding Rhacophorus omeimontis. (a) Group spawning in tree leaves at Pond A; (b) leaf nest at Pond A; (c) group spawning at Pond B; and (d) spawning site at Pond B.
Figure 4 in Breeding behaviour of the Omei tree frog Rhacophorus omeimontis (Anura: Rachophoridae) in a subtropical montane region
Figure 4. Relationship between number of joining males and percentage clutch fertilization of Rhacophorus omeimontis at Pond A.
Figure 3 in Breeding behaviour of the Omei tree frog Rhacophorus omeimontis (Anura: Rachophoridae) in a subtropical montane region
Figure 3. Relationship between mean egg size and clutch size of Rhacophorus omeimontis in Pond A (broken line) and Pond B (solid line).
Figure 2 in Breeding behaviour of the Omei tree frog Rhacophorus omeimontis (Anura: Rachophoridae) in a subtropical montane region
Figure 2. Analysis of Rhacophorus omeimontis vegetation-use at Pond B. Relative occurrence at the pond perimeter of different vegetation types (black bars) and percentage of plant species used by R. omeimontis to construct foam nests (white bars). Plant species used for the construction of foam nests were: (a) Rhizoma dryoteris; (b) Parathelypteris glanduligera; (c) Artemisia princes; (d) Urtica cannabina; and (e) Plantago asiatica.
F in The varied foraging mode of the subtropical eublepharid gecko Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis
F. 2. Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis #2, male with complete tail, on a small tree, about 1.5 m up from the ground, in the NW corner of the study site, Tokashikijima, on 7 September 1999, at 9.20 p.m. Substratum temperature 27.5°C, air temperature 1 m above ground 27.2°C. The gecko was observed there from 9.23 p.m. for 32 min with PTM=0, and again from 10.50 p.m. for 29 min with PTM=45.9, starting from the same place. This animal had previously been observed on 4 and 6 September on the ground.
F in The varied foraging mode of the subtropical eublepharid gecko Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis
F. 1. The study site of Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis on Tokashikijima (7 September 1999). (A) General view of the front of the lot from the street (looking north); (B) part of the east boundary of the lot, showing the masonry wall of the adjacent house and trees, both used by the geckos.
FIGURE 5 in Illustrated key for the identification of the known zoeal stages of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from tropical and subtropical Brazil, southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 5. Appendages of some brachyuran larvae (zoea I). A. Leucippa pentagona H. Milne Edwards, B. Garthiope barbadensis (Rathbun), C. Cronius ruber (Lamarck), D. Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius), E. Eurytium limosum (Say), F. Acanthonix scutiformis (Dana), G. Armases angustipes (Dana), H. Arenaeus cribarius (Lamarck), I. Majidae setae, J. Panopeus austrobesus Williams, K. Moreiradromia antillensis (Stimpson). After A: Pohle & Marques 2003; B: Gore et al. 1981; C: Fransozo et al. 2002; D: Díaz & Costlow 1972; E: Kurata et al. 1981; F: Hiyodo et al. 1994; G: Cuesta & Anger 2001; H: Stuck & Truesdale 1988; I: modified from Pohle & Marques 2003, J: Montú et al. 1988; K: modified from Rice & Provenzano 1966.
FIGURE 4 in Illustrated key for the identification of the known zoeal stages of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from tropical and subtropical Brazil, southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 4. Telsons and abdomens of some brachyuran larvae (zoea I). A. Persephona mediterranea (Herbst), B. Zaops ostreum (Say), C. Austinixa cristata (Rathbun), D. Pinnixa gracilipes Coelho, E. Ethusa microphthalma Smith, F. Troglocarcinus corallicola Verril, G. Planes marinus Rathbun, H. Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes), I. Grapsus grapsus Linnaeus, J. Platylambrus serrata (H. Milne Edwards), K. Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, L. Pilumnus reticulates Stimpson, M. Hexapanopeus caribbaeus (Stimpson), N. Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards), O. Libidoclaea granaria H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, P. Cataleptodius floridanus (Gibbes), Q. Acantholobulus bermudensis Benedict & Rathbun, R. Bathynectes longipes (Risso), S. Grapsus grapsus Linnaeus, T. Speocarcinus meloi D'Incao & Gomes da Silva. After: A: Negreiros-Fransozo et al. 1989; B–C: Pohle et al. 1999; D: Lima et al. 2006; E: Martin & Truesdale 1989; F: Scotto & Gore 1981; G: adapted from Wear 1970; H, P: Ingle 1987; I, S: Guerao et al. 2001; J: Yang 1971; K: Pohle & Telford 1981; L: Spivak & Rodríguez 2002; M: Vieira & Rieger 2004; N: Paula & Hartnoll 1989; O: Fagetti 1969; Q: Martin et al. 1985; R: Ingle 1985b; T: Rieger et al. 2003.
FIGURE 2. Zoea I in Illustrated key for the identification of the known zoeal stages of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from tropical and subtropical Brazil, southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 2. Zoea I of: A. Corystoides chillensis H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, B. Platyxanthus crenulatus A. Milne-Edwards, C. Panopeus austrobesus Willimans, D. Eurytium limosum (Say), E. Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille), F. Aratus pisonii H. Milne- Edwards, G. Tumidotheres maculatus (Say), H. Euchirograpsus americanus A. Milne-Edwards, I. Percnon gibbesi H. Milne Edwards, J. Sesarma curacaoense De Man, K. Ocypode quadrata Fabricius, L. Clypeasterophilus stebbingi Rathbun, M. Mesorhoea sexspinosa Stimpson, N. Pachygrapsus transversus Gibbes, O. Pilumnus dasypodus Kingsley, P. Arenaeus cribarius (Lamarck), Q. Garthiope barbadensis (Rathbun), R. Cataleptodius floridanus (Gibbes). After: A: Pohle et al. 1999; B: Menú-Marque 1970; C: Montú et al. 1988; D: Kurata et al. 1981; E–F: Fransozo et al. 1998; G: Costlow & Bookhout 1966b, H: Wilson 1980; I: Paula & Hartnoll 1989; J: Anger et al. 1995; K: Díaz & Costlow 1972; L: Marques & Pohle 1996; M: Rieger et al. 2002; N: Cuesta & Rodríguez 1994; O: Sandifer 1974; P: Stuck & Truesdale 1988; Q: Gore et al. 1981; R: Ingle 1987.
FIGURE 1. Zoea I in Illustrated key for the identification of the known zoeal stages of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from tropical and subtropical Brazil, southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Zoea I of A, C. Hypoconcha parasitica Linnaeus, B. Dromia eurythropus George Edwrads, D. Homola barbata (Fabricius), E. Latreillia elegans Roux, F. Ethusa microphthalma Smith, G. Persephona mediterranea (Herbst), H. Zaops ostreum (Say), I. Pinnixa chaetopterana Stimpson, J. Eurypodius latreillii Guérin, K. Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst), L. Pitho lherminieri (Desbone & Schramm), M. Anasimus latus Rathbun, N. Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, O. Acanthonix scutiformis Dana, P. Microphrys bicornutus Latreille, Q. Menippe nodifrons Stimpson. After: A, C: Lang & Young 1980; B: Laughlin et al. 1982; D: Rice & Provenzano 1970; E: Rice & Williamson 1977; F: Martin & Truesdale 1989; G: Negreiros-Fransozo et al. 1989; H–L, N: Pohle et al. 1999; M: Sandifer & Van Engel 1972; O: Hiyodo et al. 1994; P: Gore et al. 1982; Q: Scotto 1979.
FIGURE 3 in Illustrated key for the identification of the known zoeal stages of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from tropical and subtropical Brazil, southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 3. Antennae of some brachyuran larvae (zoea I). A. Hypoconcha parasitica (Linnaeus), B. Moreiradromia antillensis (Stimpson), C. Homola barbata (Fabricius), D. Troglocarcinus corallicola Verril, E. Mithraculus coryphe (Herbst), F. Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith), G. Hexapanopeus angustifrons (Benedict & Rathbun), H. Cyclograpsus interger H. Milne Edwards, I. Armases angustipes (Dana), J. Pilumnus reticulatus Stimpson, K. Cyrtograpsus affinis Dana, L. Uca (Minuca) mordax (Smith), M. Cataleptodius floridanus (Gibbes), N. Garthiope barbadensis (Rathbun), O. Cronius tumidulus (Stimpson), P. Calappa gallus (Herbst), Q. Coenophthalmus tridentatus A. Milne-Edwards, R. Pachygrapsus gracilis (Saussure), S. Geograpsus lividus (H. Milne-Edwards). After: A: Lang & Young 1980; B: Rice & Provenzano 1966; C: Rice & Provenzano 1970; D: Scotto & Gore 1981; E: Scotto & Gore 1980; F: Costlow & Bookhout 1961a; G: Costlow & Bookhout 1966a; H: Gore & Scotto 1982; I: Cuesta & Anger 2001; J: Spivak & Rodríguez 2002; K: Spivak & Cuesta 2000; L: Rieger 1997; M, R: Ingle 1987; N: Gore et al. 1981; O: Fransozo et al. 2002; P: Taishaku & Konishi 1995; Q: Spivak & Luppi 2004; S: Cuesta & Schubart 1999.
FIG. 4. W in Thrips (Thysanoptera) pollination in Australian subtropical rainforests, with particular reference to pollination of Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae)
FIG. 4. W. huegeliana, showing ovule development following abscission of the fused perianth. Smaller ovules abort.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.