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Figure 15. Cladogram 1 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 15. Cladogram 1 showing most parsimonious tree depicting the relationships of taxa used in this study (see Appendix 3 for taxa and character distributions).

Figure 13 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 13. Detail of skull and forelimb of Celtedens megacephalus from Pietraroia, Italy. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 8 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 8. Manus of Celtedens ibericus. A, digit I of LH 6020; B, of digit II of LH 6020; C, digit III of LH 6020; D, digit IV of LH 6020; E, detail of wrist of LH 030 R; F, composite reconstruction of manus. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 2. Celtedens ibericus, LH 6020, from Las Hoyas, Spain. Shows outlines of dermis. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 11 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 11. Pes of C. ibericus. A, Digit I; B, digit II; C, digit III; D, digit IV; E, digit V; F, reconstruction from LH 6020. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 10. Celtedens ibericus, LH 6020, hindlimb and pelvic girdle showing possible courtship glands (spherules). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6. A in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 6. A, Outline drawing of LH 030R. Scale bar = 1 cm. B, Enlarged detail of dentary and jugal. C, Forelimb detail showing humerus, radius, ulna and wrist bones. D, Detail of tail and hindlimbs. B, C & D scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 1. A in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 1. A, The Las Hoyas fossil locality in central Spain. B, Geological section of the Las Hoyas fossil locality (after Sanz et al., 1988). (a) Laminated facies, (b) Flaggy facies, (c) Massive facies, (d) Limestone with laminites, (e) Silt and clay, (f) Sand.

Figure 9 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics

Figure 9. Pelvis and hindlimbs of LH 6020 specimen showing spherules at distal end of each femur (pes is omitted from drawing). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 3. Ovoid gastral scales. A in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 3. Ovoid gastral scales. A, Branchierpeton amblystomus. Gastral scales articulating in the ventral midline, redrawn after Werneburg (1991). B, Sclerocephalus haeuseri, MB.Am.1302. Gastral scale. C, Trimerorhachis insignis, MCZ 1080. Posterior part of interclavicle with gastral scales in ventral view.

Figure 1 in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 1. Schematic drawing of gastral scales in the anterior region of the belly in a temnospondyl illustrating the terms 'row', 'anteriorly directed chevron', and 'posteriorly directed chevron'.

Figure 6. Dorsal scales. A, B in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 6. Dorsal scales. A, B, Archegosaurus decheni, MB.Am.273. A, scales of the flanks in the region of the ilium. B, scales of the tail, showing concentric rings and radial striae. C, Sclerocephalus haeuseri, MB.Am.1314. Scales of the tail. D, schematic reconstruction of the arrangement of dorsal scales in Sclerocephalus haeuseri (left), schematic reconstruction of the arrangement of dorsal scales in the sacral region of Archegosaurus decheni (right). E, Eryops megacephalus, MCZ 1539 (cast). Scales of the tail. F, H, Greererpeton burkemorani. F, CMNH 11233. Dorsal scales in external (above) and internal (below) view. G, CMNH 11219. Dorsal scales showing an imbricating pattern.

Figure 5. Rhombic gastral scales. A, B in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 5. Rhombic gastral scales. A, B, Platyoposaurus stuckenbergi, PIN 164/1–9. A, isolated gastral scale, probably from the anterior part of the trunk, in anteroventral (left) and anterodorsal view (right). B, isolated gastral scale, probably from the posterior part of the trunk, in anteroventral (left) and anterodorsal view (right). C, D, Sclerocephalus haeuseri, SMNS 90507. C, gastral scales articulating in the ventral midline, ventral view. D, articulating gastral scales in ventral view.

Figure 2. Archegosaurus decheni. A in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 2. Archegosaurus decheni. A, MB.Am.229. Anteriorly directed chevrons with round-oval scales of the flanks, the cloacal region, and the hindlimb. The angle of the chevrons in the ventral midline was enlarged after the death of the animal by a slight displacement of the rows. B, MB.Am.289. Gastral scales articulating in the ventral midline of the trunk, ventral view. C, MB.Am.289. Nodal point of gastral scales in dorsal view between anteriorly and posteriorly directed chevrons.

Figure 4. Spindle-shaped gastral scales. A, B in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 4. Spindle-shaped gastral scales. A, B, Archegosaurus decheni, MB.Am.289. A, gastral scales in ventral view. B, gastral scales in dorsal view. C, Dendrerpeton sp., MCZ 8779. Two gastral scales in dorsal view plus isolated dorsal scale. D, Eryops megacephalus, MCZ 1738. Gastral scales in dorsal view. E, Plagiosuchus pustuliferus, SMNS 84794. Gastral scales with small, globular osteoderms in dorsal view.

Figure 7 in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians

Figure 7. Scalation pattern in temnospondyls mapped on an existing cladogram based on the results of Witzmann & Schoch (2006) and Schoch & Milner (2000). Characters: 1, presence of gastral scales arranged in a chevron pattern; 1a, rhombic gastral scales; 1b, spindle-shaped gastral scales; 1c, ovoid gastral scales; 2, dorsal scales overlapping on the trunk; 3, dorsal scales not overlapping on the trunk; 4, complete reduction of scales. *Taxa in which no dorsal scales are known; **taxa in which no gastral scales are known.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Continent-wide recent emergence of a global pathogen in African amphibians

These datasets are associated with the study entitled, "Continent-wide recent emergence of a global pathogen in African amphibians." In this study we describe the historical and recent biogeographical spread of a fungal pathogen of amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and assess its risk to amphibians across the continent of Africa. The larger combined file, "AfricaBd_CombinedFile_LitReview_BdMaps_GhoseData.xlsx", contains Bd occurrence records processed by the authors of the study (N=4,623) and previously published records (N=12,297). Of the previously published records, 12,234 records came from studies reporting both Bd-negative and Bd-positive records (i.e. prevalence) that we used along with our data (N=4,623) to assess emergence of Bd in African amphibians. The file "AfricaBd_Ghosedata_Hirschfelddata_ZimkusCameroondata.xlsx" contains all georeferenced Bd records collected by the authors of this study, data from Hirschfeld et al. 2016, and data for Cameroon from Zimkus et al. 2020. This file includes more metadata including amphibian species tested, and includes infection intensity data detected by qPCR for Bd-positive records. Using these datasets we document a pattern of Bd emergence beginning largely at the turn of the century (the year 2000). From 1852–1999, we found low Bd prevalence (3.2% overall) and limited geographic spread, but after 2000 we documented a sharp increase in prevalence (18.7% overall), wider geographic spread, and our genotyping revealed multiple Bd lineages with indications of hybridization. Our habitat suitability model showed that Bd risk to amphibians was highest in much of eastern, central, and western Africa. Our study documents a largely overlooked yet significant increase in a fungal pathogen that could pose a threat to amphibians across an entire continent. We emphasize the need to bridge historical and contemporary datasets to better describe and predict host-pathogen dynamics over larger temporal scales.

dryad40/100

Can predators stabilize host-parasite interactions? Changes in aquatic predator identity alters amphibian responses and parasite abundance across life stages

The role of parasites can change depending on the food web community. Predators, for instance, can amplify or dilute parasite effects on their hosts. Likewise, exposure to parasites or predators at one life stage can have long-term consequences on individual performance and survival, which can influence population and disease dynamics. To understand how predators affect amphibian parasite infections across life stages, we manipulated exposure of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles to three predators (crayfish [Orconectes rusticus], bluegill [Lepomis macrochirus], or mosquitofish [Gambusia affinis]) and to trematode parasites (Echinostoma spp.) in mesocosms and followed juveniles in outdoor terrestrial enclosures through overwintering. Parasites and predators both had strong impacts on metamorphosis with bluegill and parasites individually reducing metamorph survival. However, when fish were present, the negative effects of parasites on survival were not apparent, likely because fish altered community composition via increased algal food resources. Bluegill also reduced snail abundance, which could explain the reduced abundance of parasites in surviving metamorphs. Bluegill and parasite exposure increased mass at metamorphosis, which increased metamorph jumping, swimming, and feeding performance, suggesting larger frogs would experience better terrestrial survival. Effects on size at metamorphosis persisted in the terrestrial environment but did not influence overwintering survival. Based on our results, we constructed stage-structured population models to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of bluegill and parasites on population dynamics. Our models suggested that the positive effects of bluegill and parasites on body size may have greater effects on population growth than the direct effects of mortality. This study illustrates how predators can alter the outcome of parasitic infections and highlights the need for long-term experiments that investigate how changes in host-parasite systems alter population dynamics. We show some predators reduce parasite effects and have indirect positive effects on surviving individuals potentially increasing host population persistence.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data for: Four decades of phenology in an alpine amphibian: trends, stasis, and climatic drivers

This dataset is used for the analysis of the breeding phenology of a common toad (Bufo bufo) alpine population, and how it is associated with either climatic conditions or the genetics of the population.   Toad Data Since 1982, we have captured annually all the toads that come to breed at the study pond. We then marked (first by toe-clipping, then starting in 1993 by implanting PIT tags), measured, and released them in the same place (Hemelaar, 1988; Grossenbacher, 2002). To make sure we captured both early and late arrivers, we repeated this procedure for on average 5–6 nights, with breaks in-between of about 2-4 days (i.e, the data conform to Pollock’s (1982) robust design). The length of the field work period usually covers the breeding season duration, which typically lasts about two weeks at our study pond. This design also had the advantage of not overly stressing the toads. In total, for the period 1982–2020, 3053 uniquely recognizable individuals have been caught, of which 1852 were males and 1201 females. For each individual we have a record of presence for each capture night over the study period. Given the reduced size of the pond and the repeated capture rounds within a capture night, we assumed high capture probabilities (capture probability p ≈ 0.85 per year based on a preliminary analysis of the mark-recapture data). At the population level we determined for each year a start, a peak, and an end date of breeding (i.e., first capture night, the capture night when most toads were captured, and last capture night, respectively). These calendar dates were all transformed into days of the year (where January 1st is 1), to facilitate modelling of long-term trends.   Weather Data We obtained climatic data for the period 1980–2020 from the DaymetCH dataset (data obtained from Bioclimatic maps of Switzerland © WSL, based on station data from the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, and elaborated by the Land Change Science group, WSL). This dataset consists of a 100-metre resolution grid of interpolated estimates of weather variables, using meteorological data from ground stations and the Daymet software (Thornton et al., 1997). We obtained data for the cell containing the breeding pond for the following variables: daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperature, daily total precipitation, and daily snow water equivalent (SWE; the equivalent amount of water stored in the snow pack). We then calculated average seasonal minimum daily temperatures (winter and spring), and cumulative seasonal precipitation (spring) and SWE (winter and spring). The csv file Season_values store these measures (one value for each of the 5 climatic variables per year, for the period 1982-2020, as the study on the toads started in 1982). We conducted all the analyses in R (R version 4.1.1; R Core Team, 2020) with RStudio (version 2022.7.1.554; R Studio Team, 2022).