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Fig. 1 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 1. Trilobite referred to Symphysurus ebbestadi Gutiérrez-Marco, Rábano, and García-Bellido, 2018, from the early Ordovician of Morocco (Tigzigzaouine area), in dorsal views, under standard lighting. A. MGL 102127. B. MGL 102128. C. MGL 102129. D. MGL 102130; D2 close up of thorax axial rings in D1, showing the clear terrace ridges. E. MGL 102131. F. MGL 102132. G. MGL 102133. H. MGL 102134. I. MGL 102135. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 4. Graphs showing means (points) and ranges of exoskeleton thickness for cephala (A) and thoraces (B) of the thin sectioned trilobites Symphysurus ebbestadi.

Fig. 3 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 3. Thin sections showing the cuticular structure of trilobites Symphysurus ebbestadi Gutiérrez-Marco, Rábano and García-Bellido 2018, from the early Ordovician of Tigzigzaouine area, Morocco. A. MGL 102127, the putative moult. B. MGL 102130, a fully-hardened individual. C. MGL 102133, individual with medium levels of wrinkling. D. MGL 102134, the most wrinkled individual. A1–D1, anterodorsal sections through the cephalon (except C1, transverse section); A2–D2, anterodorsal sections through the thorax. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 2. Wrinkled specimens of trilobite Symphysurus ebbestadi Gutiérrez-Marco, Rábano, and García-Bellido 2018, from the early Ordovician of Tigzigzaouine area, Morocco, photographed under low-angle incident lighting, in order to emphasise the three-dimensional surface texture of their exoskeletons. Specimens are organised in relative order of exoskeleton hardening, from that with the most wrinkled and soft exoskeleton (A) to the least wrinkled (D) before being fully hardened. A. MGL 102132. B. MGL 102134. C. MGL 102128. D. MGL 102133. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 11. Average percentage abundance of species with 95% confidence intervals on a logarithmic scale at the localities Siebenhirten (A), Kettlasbrunn (B), Nexing (C), and Hauskirchen (D).

Fig. 5. A in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 5. A. Northern Vienna Basin (grey area) within Alpine−Carpathian units and positions of the localities Siebenhirten, Kettlasbrunn, Hauskirchen and Nexing. B–E. Logs of the localities Siebenhirten (B), Kettlasbrunn (C), Hauskirchen (D), Nexing (E) (modified after Harzhauser and Piller 2004b).

Fig. 4 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 4. Abundant taxa of gastropods from outcrops of the ancient Central Paratethys (Siebenhirten, Kettlasbrunn, Nexing, Hauskirchen, Soceni Politioană, and Zhabiak) and from the ancient Eastern Paratethys (Jurkino and Zavjetnoje). A. NHMW−2011/0269/0003, Gibbula angulata (Eichwald, 1853), Hauskirchen, Upper Ervilia Zone. B. NHMW−2011/0266/0002, Gibbula banatica (Jekelius, 1944), Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. C. NHMW− 2011/0271/0002, Gibbula urupensis (Uspenski, 1927), Jurkino, Bessarabian. D. NHMW−2011/0272/0003, Gibbula sp. 1, Zavjetnoje, Bessarabian. E. NHMW−2011/0266/0003, Theodoxus politus Jekelius, 1944, in apical (E1) and apertural (E2) views, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. F. NHMW−2011/0266/0004, Theodoxus soceni Jekelius 1944, in apical (F1) and apertural (F2) views, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. G. NHMW− 2011/0266/0005, Cerithium rubiginosum (Eichwald, 1853), adult, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. H. NHMW−2011/0269/0004, Cerithium rubiginosum (Eichwald, 1853), juvenile, Hauskirchen, Upper Ervilia Zone. I. NHMW−2011/0266/0006, Granulolabium bicinctum (Brocchi, 1814), adult, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. J. NHMW−2011/0266/0007, Granulolabium bicinctum (Brocchi, 1814), juvenile, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. K. NHMW−2011/0269/0005, Potamides disjunctus (Sowerby, 1831), Hauskirchen, Upper Ervilia Zone. L. NHMW−2011/0266/0008, Melanopsis impressa (Krauss, 1852), adult, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. M. NHMW−2011/0266/0009, Melanopsis impressa (Krauss, 1852), juvenile, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. N. NHMW−2011/0267/0001, Mohrensternia pseudoangulata Hilber, 1897, Siebenhirten, Mohrensternia Zone. O. NHMW−2011/0267/0002, Mohrensternia inflata (Andrzejowsky, 1835), Siebenhirten, Mohrensternia Zone. P. NHMW−2011/0266/0010, Pseudamnicola sarmatica Jekelius, 1944, Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. Q. NHMW−2011/0272/0004, Pseudamnicola cyclostomoides (Sinzov, 1880), Ą

Fig. 1 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 1. Volhynian and Bessarabian paleogeography of the Paratethys. A. Middle Miocene: Early Sarmatian (Volhynian), after Rögl (1998). Entire Paratethys (A1), close−up of the Central Paratethys (A2). B. Late Miocene (late Bessarabian), after Rögl and and Steininger (1984).

Fig. 3 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 3. Most abundant taxa of bivalves from outcrops of the ancient Central Paratethys (Siebenhirten, Kettlasbrunn, Nexing, Hauskirchen, Soceni Politioană, and Zhabiak) and from outcrops of the ancient Eastern Paratethys (Jurkino and Zavjetnoje). A. NHMW−2011/0272/0001, Musculus sarmaticus (Gatuev, 1916), Zavjetnoje, Bessarabian. B. NHMW−2011/0268/0001, Mytilaster volhynicus (Eichwald, 1829), Kettlasbrunn, Upper Ervilia Zone. C. NHMW−2011/0268/0002, Obsoletiforma vindobonensis Laskarev, 1903, Kettlasbrunn, Upper Ervilia Zone. D. NHMW−2011/0272/0002, Mactra andrussowi Kolesnikov, 1925, Zavjetnoje, Bessarabian. E. NHMW−2011/0271/0001, Abra reflexa (Eichwald, 1830), Jurkino, Bessarabian. F. NHMW− 2011/0268/0003, Donax dentiger Eichwald, 1830, Kettlasbrunn, Upper Ervilia Zone. G. NHMW−2011/0269/0001, Ervilia dissita (Eichwald, 1830), Hauskirchen, Upper Ervilia Zone. H. NHMW−2011/0266/0001, Mytilopsis ramphophora (Brusina, 1892), Soceni Politioană, Mohrensternia Zone. I. NHMW−2011/0269/0002, Venerupis tricuspis Eichwald, 1830, Hauskirchen, Upper Ervilia Zone.

Fig. 13. Q in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 13. Q− and R−mode cluster analysis using the Bray−Curtis similarity index. Size of dots indicates relative abundance in samples. Resulting biofacies in combination with Q−mode and R−mode clusters are used to interpret three palaeoenvironments.

Fig. 6 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 6. Geographic and geological position of the outcrops Soceni (Romania), Zhabiak, Jurkino, and Zavjetnoje (Ukraine).

Fig. 12 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 12. Average percentage abundance of species with 95% confidence intervals on a logarithmic scale at the localities Soceni (A), Zhabiak (B), Zavjetnoje (C), and Jurkino (D).

Fig. 4 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages

Fig. 4. Localities, in which Marrellomorpha (sensu Kühl et al. 2008) have been found. 1, Monastery Creek Phosphorite Formation, Late Templetonian– Early Floran, Australia: Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov. 2, Kaili, early middle Cambrian, China: Marrella sp. (Zhao et al. 2003). 3, Burgess Shale, middle Cambrian, British Columbia, Canada: Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912 (Whittington 1971; García−Bellido and Collins 2006). 4, Fezouata biota, Ordovician, Morocco: Furca spp. (Van Roy 2006a, b; Van Roy et al. 2010). 5, Letná Formation, Ordovican, Czech Republic: Furca bohemica Fritsch, 1908 (Chlupáč 1999; Van Roy 2006a, b; Rak 2009; Rak et al. 2013). 6, Herefordshire, Silurian, England: Xylokoris chledophilia Siveter, Fortey, Sutton, Briggs and Siveter, 2007 (Siveter et al. 2007). 7, Hunsrück slate, Lower Devonian, Germany: Vachonisia rogeri Lehmann, 1955 (Kühl et al. 2008); Mimetaster hexagonalis Gürich, 1931 (Kühl and Rust 2010). Table indicates occurrences.

Fig. 3. Marrellomorph Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages

Fig. 3. Marrellomorph Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912, for comparison with Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov., Mount Murray, Western Queensland, Australia; Series 3 of the Cambrian. A. Dorsal view on a rendered 3D model, based on own observations. B–E. Micrographs under polarized light. B. Beautifully preserved specimen USNM 83486f with the exopods in a "rusty" preservation (cf. García−Bellido and Collins 2006). C. Stereo image of specimen USNM 139665. Exopods of preceding limbs are super−imposing each other, separated by a thin layer of sediment. D. Detail of specimen ROM 56766A in "rusty" preservation. Here the spines on the lateral side of the exopod ringlets are well preserved. E. One of the smallest specimens of M. splendens USNM 219817e that possesses preserved appendage remains. The single fragmentary specimen of A. klausmuelleri could, based on its size, belong to an entire specimen of a comparable size.

Fig. 1 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages

Fig. 1. SEM images of the holotype and single specimen CPC 30719 of marrellomorph Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov., Mount Murray, Western Queensland, Australia; Series 3 of the Cambrian. A. Median or lateral view, exposing the more or less lanceolate lamellae. B. Anterior or posterior view. The 16 ringlets are well separated from each other. Letters indicate the direction of view in images D–F. C. Median or lateral view, opposing to side displayed in A. Here the insertion of the most proximal preserved ringlet is well apparent. D–F. Details of the stout spines on the most distal preserved annuli viewed as indicated in image B. D. View from latero/medio−proximal on the distal tip. E. View from lateral/median, same spine as in D. F. View from medio/latero−proximal. Spine on the other side of the same ringlet as in D and E.

Fig. 2 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages

Fig. 2. Examples of multi−annulated exopods of fossil and extant representatives of the taxa Agnostina and Crustacea sensu lato. A. SEM image of the exopod of the second head appendage of Agnostus pisiformis (Wahlenberg, 1818) composed of nine articles. Each of the six distal articles bears a pair of long, outwardly directed setae, a short spinule close to the base of the setae and a short seta opposite of the long setae (cf. Müller and Walossek 1987: pl. 18.1). Series 3 of the Cambrian (Agnostus pisiformis Zone), UB 832. B. SEM image of appendages two and three of a stage two larva of the fossil micro−predator Goticaris longispinosa Walossek and Müller, 1990. Series 3 of the Cambrian (Agnostus pisiformis Zone), UB 98. Detail of pl. 2.5 of Haug et al. (2009b). C. SEM image of the appendages two to four of the phosphatocopine Vestrogothia spinata Müller, 1964, Furongian, Cambrian, UB 622. D. Light microscopic image (processed according to Haug et al. 2009a) of a putative thecostracan larva (E_G2010_16_2_1), from the Devonian Windyfield Chert (cf. Fayers and Trewin 2004). E. Composite fluorescence image (cf. Haug et al. 2008) of an undetermined natant decapod from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones, Upper Jurassic, Southern Germany (SMNS 70149, ex coll. Gebert, Iphofen). F. SEM image of the second antenna of the Recent mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei Delamare−Deboutteville and Chappuis, 1951 (cf. Olesen 2001; Haug et al. 2011). Specimen from the collection of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. G. SEM image of a pleomeric segment with a pair of pleopods of the Recent amphipod Gammarus roeselii Gervais, 1835. Image courtesy Gerd Mayer, Ulm.

Fig. 9 in Live-live and live-dead interactions in marine death assemblages: The case of the Patagonian clam Venus antiqua

Fig. 9. Orientation of Venus antiqua King, 1832 in various situations. A. Reclining or reworked orientation. B. Erect probing orientation. C. Infaunal orientation. D. Semi-infaunal orientation.

Fig. 7 in Live-live and live-dead interactions in marine death assemblages: The case of the Patagonian clam Venus antiqua

Fig. 7. Comparison between observed and expected frequencies of Crepidula spp. encrustations on Venus antiqua King, 1832 shells from Bustamante Bay.

Fig. 6 in Live-live and live-dead interactions in marine death assemblages: The case of the Patagonian clam Venus antiqua

Fig. 6. Different types of damage recorded in modern Trophon geversianus shells collected from the same samples that the Venus antiqua King, 1832 shells, Bahía Bustamante. A. Shell with predatory drill hole. B. Intact shell. C. Shell with damage to shell aperture margin. D. Shell with crack in body whorl. E. Shell with a major damage in last whorl. F. Shell with columella damage. Pie charts show the proportion of snails (N = 34) with each type of damage, used here to infer crushing and drilling predation. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Live-live and live-dead interactions in marine death assemblages: The case of the Patagonian clam Venus antiqua

Fig. 5. Shell size frequency distribution of drilled (white bars) and undrilled (black bars) modern Venus antiqua King, 1832 shells. A. Shell length. B. Shell height. C. Geometric mean of shell length and height.