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Figure 7 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 7. Holotype of L. heeneni [RMCA (= MRAC) R.8477] from Kapiri, Lualaba Province, DRC. A, Ventral and dorsal view of body. B, Details of head in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views (from top to bottom). Photos by J.L.R.

Figure 3 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 3. Comparative figure including dorsal (or dorsolateral) and ventral views of preserved holotypes (with exception of Lygodactylus gutturalis that is represented by a paratype) of all species within the L. gutturalis subgroup used in the current study.

Figure 15 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 15. Specimens of L. depressus in life or freshly euthanized from (A) Npenda, Équateur Province, DRC (UTEP 22580), (B) Katopa, Maniema Province, DRC (UTEP 22597), (C) Lake Tumba, Équateur Province, DRC (UTEP 22578), and (E–G) Barra do Cuanza, Cuanza Sul Province, Angola (MNCN 50772). Photo of habitat at (D) Lake Tumba, Équateur Province, DRC and (H) Barra do Cuanza, Cuanza Sul Province, Angola. Photographs by E.G. (A–C), C.K. (D), P.V.P. (E–G), and J.L.R. (H).

Figure 4. A in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 4. A, PCA plots of the first principal component (PC1) vs. the second principal component (PC2). Species are represented by different colours included in the legend. B, Boxplots (top whisker–maximum value; lower whisker–minimum value; dark horizontal line–median) of the body size (SVL) and linear measurements analysed in this study. Values in all the variables with the exception of SVL, are represented using the Least-squares means interaction plot (function Lsmip, package lsmeans). For abbreviations and further details see Material and methods section.

Figure 6 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the L. gutturalis complex in Africa, on a hybrid map of the major vegetation divisions (Sayre et al. 2013) and 1 arc-second elevation map across tropical Africa (NASA 2000). Different colours depict records of different species within the L. gutturalis subgroup; see inset for explanations of symbols. White circles denote records of L. cf. gutturalis that cannot be assigned to any of the nominate taxa. Black stars represent the type localities of each nominate taxon within the L. picturatus subgroup (1– L. picturatus, 1S– L. picturatus sudanensis, 1U– L. picturatus ukerewensis, 2– L. inexpectatus, 3– L. keniensis, 4– L. kimhowelli, 5– L. manni, 6– L. mombasicus, 7– L. scorteccii, 8– L. tsavoensis, 9– L. wojnowskii, 10– L. williamsi).

Figure 11 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 11. Specimens of L. gutturalis in life from (A–C) Guinea Bissau and (D–E) Senegal. Photos of habitat at (F) Sambatchur, Bafata Region, Guinea Bissau, (G) Kalan Kalan, Kankan Region, Guinea, (H) Guiguisso, Donga Department, Benin, (I) Nsonsomea, Sunyani Region, Ghana, and (J) Mlomp, Zinguinchor Region, Senegal. Photographs by J.F.T. (A–C and F–J) and Alberto Sanchez-Vialas (D–E).

Figure 10. A–D in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 10. A–D, Lateral view and gular detail of four representatives of L. gutturalis that present four different combinations of dorsolateral + gular pattern (between lined or ocellated dorsolateral pattern, and two or three gular chevrons). E, Details of nostril, showing intraspecific variation in L. gutturalis. F, Detailed view of the right manus with a visible thumb claw in L. gutturalis, and SEM image of isolated claw. G, Detailed view of the tail tip in L. gutturalis, and two different SEM images of terminal tail scansors.

Figure 14 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 14. Holotype of L. depressus (AMNH 10345) from Medje, Ituri Forest, Haut-Uele Province, DRC. A, Dorsal and ventral view of body. B, Detailed view of head in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views (from top to bottom). C, Details of cloacal region. D, Details of left manus. Photos provided by Lauren Vonnahme: American Museum of Natural History, New York City (AMNH).

Figure 2. A in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 2. A, Multilocus species tree and Bayesian chronogram of divergences among Afro-American Lygodactylus clade (Clade C of Gippner et al. 2021), based on an alignment of 13 concatenated markers (including eight nuclear-encoded genes, four protein-coding mitochondrial genes, and the 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene, see Gippner et al. 2021). Branches with posterior probability> 0.9 are denoted by asterisks (*) at relevant nodes. Blue bars depict 95% High Probability Density (HPD) intervals of estimated divergence dates. B, Median-joining nuclear allele network showing the relationships between the L. picturatus-fischeri groups, inferred from the RAG1 nuclear gene (262 bp including all available RAG1 sequences of the L. picturatus-fischeri groups). C, Median-joining nuclear allele network of the RAG1 nuclear gene (980 bp) showing the relationships within the L. gutturalis subgroup, excluding L. gutturalis s.s. In all networks, circle frequency of alleles and small lines represent mutational steps.

Figure 12 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history

Figure 12. Holotype of L. dysmicus (MHNG 1005.72) from Foulassi, South Region, Cameroon. A, Ventral and dorsal view of body. B, Details of cloacal region. C, Details of left pes. D, Detailed view of head in both lateral views and ventral and dorsal views (from top to bottom). Photos by J.L.R.

Figure 15. Mniophila turcica. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 15. Mniophila turcica. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; E, median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; F, median lobe of aedeagus in dorsal view; G, detailed view of the aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); H, spermatheca; I, vaginal palpi; J, tignum.

Figure 14. Mniophila taurica. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 14. Mniophila taurica. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; E, median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; F, median lobe of aedeagus in dorsal view; G, detailed view of the aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); H, spermatheca; I, vaginal palpi; J, tignum.

Figure 12. Mniophila transcaucasica. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 12. Mniophila transcaucasica. A, holotype in dorsal view; B, holotype in lateral view; C, holotype in ventral view; D, voucher specimen assigned preliminarily as a possible M. transcaucasica in dorsal view; E, voucher specimen assigned preliminarily as a possible M. transcaucasica in lateral view; F, voucher specimen assigned preliminarily as a possible M. transcaucasica in ventral view; G, median lobe of aedeagus (holotype) in ventral view; H, median lobe of aedeagus (holotype) in lateral view; I, median lobe of aedeagus (holotype) in dorsal view; G, detailed view of the holotype aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); H, spermatheca of a voucher assigned preliminarily to M. transcaucasica; I, vaginal palpi of a voucher assigned preliminarily to M. transcaucasica; J, tignum of a voucher assigned preliminarily to M. transcaucasica.

Figure 11. Mniophila caucasica. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 11. Mniophila caucasica. A, holotype in dorsal view; B, holotype in lateral view; C, holotype in ventral view; D, voucher specimen assigned preliminarily as a possible M. caucasica in dorsal view; E, voucher specimen assigned preliminarily as a possible M. caucasica in lateral view; F, voucher specimen assigned preliminarily as a possible M. caucasica in ventral view; G, median lobe of aedeagus (holotype) in ventral view; H, median lobe of aedeagus (holotype) in lateral view; I, median lobe of aedeagus (holotype) in dorsal view; J, detailed view of the holotype aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); K, spermatheca of a voucher assigned preliminarily to M. caucasica; L, vaginal palpi of a voucher assigned preliminarily to M. caucasica; M, tignum of a voucher assigned preliminarily to M. caucasica.

Figure 13 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 13. Comparison of the head morphology of different Mniophila species. A, M. muscorum; B, M. haveli; C, M. wroblewskii; D, M. bosnica; E, M. turcica; F, M. caucasica; G, M. transcaucasica; H, M. taurica.

Figure 4 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 4. Results from the BioGeoBEARS ancestral range reconstruction mapping based on the phylogenetic tree inferred from the BEAST time-calibrated Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Above: historic biogeography scenario based on the DEC+j model; below: a map showing the delimitations of the distributional areas used in the analysis: W, Western Europe; E, Central Europe; I, Italy; B, Balkan; P, Pontus; C, Caucasus.

Figure 1 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 1. Maps showing datapoints of sampling sites where voucher specimens for our study were collected. A, M. muscorum; B, M. wroblewskii; C, M. haveli (blue circles) and M. bosnica (yellow squares); D, M. turcica (orange squares), M. cf. caucasica (green circles) and M. cf. transcaucasica (purple diamond).

Figure 9. Mniophila muscorum. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 9. Mniophila muscorum. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; E, median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; F, median lobe of aedeagus in dorsal view; G, detailed view of the aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); H, spermatheca; I, vaginal palpi; J, tignum.

Figure 10. Mniophila wroblewskii. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 10. Mniophila wroblewskii. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, median lobe of aedeagus in

Figure 3 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 3. Timetrees estimating the diversification times of Mniophila resulting on Bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed in BEAST2. The trees were calibrated using two different estimates of the Alticini/Galerucini split based on Zhang et al. (2018). A, a timetree from the minitree dataset calibrated using the younger calibration point (60.05 Mya); B, a timetree from the minitree dataset calibrated using the older calibration point (67.5 Mya); C, a timetree from the smalltree dataset calibrated using the younger calibration point (60.05 Mya); D, a timetree from the smalltree dataset calibrated using the older calibration point (67.5 Mya); E, F, timetrees of Mniophila extracted from (C) and (D) with confidence intervals.