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Fig. 1 in Relationship of Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) Abundance and Parasite Control in Cattle on Pastures throughout Maryland
Fig. 1. Yearly abundance totals by month and farm type pooled across all scarabaeine and aphodiine species. Sampling months include May (M), June (first J), July (second J), August (A), September (S), and October (O). For each month, mean abundance ± SE across all farms (total abundance) is shown with gray bars. Letters indicate a significant difference. Mean abundance ± SE by farm type is also shown; sites using no chemicals (NCU) are black, and those with chemical usage (CU) are blue. Models with significant interactions (farm type*month) are indicated with a red "SI". Plots are as follows: A) Scarabaeine species in 2013, B) Aphodiine species in 2013, C) Scarabaeine species in 2015, and D) Aphodiine species in 2015.
Data from: Disentangling the 'brown world' faecal-detritus interaction web: dung beetle effects on soil microbial properties
Many ecosystem services are sustained by the combined action of microscopic and macroscopic organisms, and shaped by interactions between the two. However, studies tend to focus on only one of these two components. We combined the two by investigating the impact of macrofauna on microbial community composition and functioning in the context of a major ecosystem process: the decomposition of dung. We compared bacterial communities of pasture soil and experimental dung pats inhabited by one (Aphodius), two (Aphodius and Geotrupes), or no dung beetle genera. Overall, we found distinct microbial communities in soil and dung samples, and that the communities converged over the course of the experiment. Characterising the soil microbial communities underlying the dung pats revealed a significant interactive effect between the microflora and macrofauna, where the diversity and composition of microbial communities was significantly affected by the presence or absence of dung beetles. The specific identity of the beetles had no detectable impact, but the microbial evenness was lower in the presence of both Aphodius and Geotrupes than in the presence of Aphodius alone. Differences in microbial community composition were associated with differences in substrate usage as measured by Ecoplates. Moreover, microbial communities with similar compositions showed more similar substrate usage. Our study suggests that the presence of macrofauna (dung beetles) will modify the microflora (bacteria) of both dung pats and pasture soil, including community diversity and functioning. In particular, the presence of dung beetles promotes the transfer of bacteria across the soil–dung interface, resulting in increased similarity in community structure and functioning. The results demonstrate that to understand how microbes contribute to the ecosystem process of dung decomposition, there is a need to understand their interactions with larger co-occurring fauna.
Data from: Adaptive maternal behavioral plasticity and developmental programming mitigate the transgenerational effects of temperature in dung beetles
Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to cope with rapid environmental change. Yet exactly when during ontogeny plastic responses are elicited, whether plastic responses produced in one generation influence phenotypic variation and fitness in subsequent generations, and the role of plasticity in shaping population divergences, remains overall poorly understood. Here, we use the dung beetle <i>Onthophagus taurus</i> to assess plastic responses to temperature at several life stages bridging three generations and compare these responses across three recently diverged populations. We find that beetles reared at hotter temperatures grow less than those reared at mild temperatures, and that this attenuated growth has transgenerational consequences by reducing offspring size and survival in subsequent generations. However, we also find evidence that plasticity may mitigate these consequences in two ways: (i) mothers modify the temperature of their offspring's developmental environment via behavioral plasticity and (ii) in one population, offspring exhibit accelerated growth when exposed to hot temperatures during very early development ("developmental programming"). Lastly, our study reveals that offspring responses to temperature diverged among populations in fewer than 100 generations, possibly in response to range-specific changes in climatic or social conditions.
FIGURES 1–9. 1–5. Tesserodoniella elguetai n in A new dung beetle genus with two new species from Chile (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
FIGURES 1–9. 1–5. Tesserodoniella elguetai n. sp.: 1. head; 2. elytron; 3. hind leg; 4. parameres; 5. protibia; 6–9. Tesserodoniella meridionalis n. sp.: 6. head; 7. elytron; 8. hind leg; 9. parameres.
FIGURE 10 in A new dung beetle genus with two new species from Chile (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
FIGURE 10. Map of central Chile showing distribution of Tesserodoniella elguetai n. sp. (circles) and T. meridionalis n. sp. (triangles).
FIGURES 6–8 in A new dung beetle species of the genus Stiptopodius Harold, 1871 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) recorded from xeric savanna in Namibia
FIGURES 6–8. Stiptopodius singularis (Péringuey, 1901) (SANC: South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa). 1, habitus, dorsal view; 2, aedeagus, lateral view; 3, labels.
FIGURES 1–5 in A new dung beetle species of the genus Stiptopodius Harold, 1871 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) recorded from xeric savanna in Namibia
FIGURES 1–5. Stiptopodius brancoi Strümpher & Daniel, new species, holotype male (TMSA). 1, habitus, dorsal view; 2, habitus, ventral view; 3, head and clypeus, dorsal view; red arrow indicate frontoclypeal carina, yellow arrow indicate frontal carina; 4, aedeagus, lateral view; 5, holotype labels.
Figure 223 in Taxonomy of Phanaeus revisited: Revised keys to and comments on species of the New World dung beetle genus Phanaeus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)
Figure 223. Approximate geographic distributions of the Phanaeus (P.) hermes, beltianus and amethystinus species groups.
Figure 1 in Deltochilini and Phanaeini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in introduced and native ecosystems of Brazil
Figure 1. Monthly precipitation, average monthly temperature and abundance and richness of Deltochilini and Phanaeini dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) sampled in pasturelands with exotic grass (Brachiaria spp.) and a patch of vegetation native (Brazilian savanna) (Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) using pitfall traps baited with carrion and human faeces, from January to December 2011. Bars on columns represent standard errors.
Figures 20–22. Coptorhina spp., distribution map. 20, C in Revision of the obligate mushroom-feeding African ''dung beetle'' genus Coptorhina Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 20–22. Coptorhina spp., distribution map. 20, C. auspicata; 21, C. excavata sp. n.; 22, C. nitefacta.
Figures 15–17. Coptorhina spp., general view. 15, C in Revision of the obligate mushroom-feeding African ''dung beetle'' genus Coptorhina Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 15–17. Coptorhina spp., general view. 15, C. auspicata, Cinergy Game farm, RSA; 16, C. excavata sp. n., holotype; 17, C. nitidipennis, Cinergy Game farm, RSA.
Figures 9–14. Coptorhina spp. 9 in Revision of the obligate mushroom-feeding African ''dung beetle'' genus Coptorhina Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 9–14. Coptorhina spp. 9, wing; 10–11, aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view; 12, internal sac of aedeagus; 13, internal sac sclerite arrowed in Figure 12; 14, abdomen in lateral view (14A, female, 14B, male). 9, 10, 12, 13C–E, 14, C. auspicata (13C, lectotype, Enkeldoorn, Zimbabwe, 13D, Cinergy Game farm, RSA, 13E, Shesheke, Zambia); 11, 13I–J, C. nitidipennis (13I, Cinergy Game farm, RSA, 13J, paratype, ''Caffraria''); 13A–B, C. excavata sp. n. (13A, holotype, 13B, paratype, Mamathes, Lesotho); 13F, C. klugii, Blouberg, RSA; 13G, C. davidi, paratype, Mpika, Congo; 13H, C. nitefacta, holotype, Bura, Kenya. 9, 13 and 14 are not to scale.
Evolution and plasticity of morph-specific integration in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus
Developmental and evolutionary processes underlying phenotypic variation frequently target several traits simultaneously, thereby causing covariation, or integration, among phenotypes. While phenotypic integration can be neutral, correlational selection can drive adaptive covariation. Especially the evolution and development of exaggerated secondary sexual traits may require the adjustment of other traits that support, compensate for, or otherwise function in a concerted manner. Although phenotypic integration is ubiquitous, the interplay between genetic, developmental, and ecological conditions in shaping integration and its evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we study the evolution and plasticity of trait integration in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus which is characterized by the polyphenic expression of horned ('major') and hornless ('minor') male morphs. By comparing populations subject to divergent intensities of mate competition we tested whether mating system shifts affect integration of traits predicted to function in a morph-specific manner. We focussed on fore and hind tibia morphology as these appendages are used to stabilize major males during fights, and on wings, as they are thought to contribute to morph-based differences in dispersal behaviour. We found phenotypic integration between fore and hind tibia length and horn length that was stronger in major males, suggesting phenotypic plasticity in integration and potentially secondary sexual trait compensation. Similarly, we observed that fore tibia shape was also integrated with relative horn length. However, although we found population differentiation in wing and tibia shape and allometry, populations did not differ in integration. Lastly, we detected little evidence for morph differences in integration in either tibia or wing shape, although wing allometries differed between morphs. This contrasts with previous studies documenting intraspecific differentiation in morphology, behaviour and allometry as a response to varying levels of mate competition across O. taurus populations. We discuss how sexual selection may shape morph-specific integration, compensation and allometry across populations.
PLATE 9. Figures 197–244. Plate sclerite. 197 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 9. Figures 197–244. Plate sclerite. 197. Diorigopyx tibialis (MacLeay, 1871). 198. Gyronotus carinatus Felsche, 1911. 199. Arachnodes nitidus (Laporte, 1840). 200. Epilissus splendidus (Fairmaire, 1889). 201. Eudinopus dytiscoides Schreibers, 1802. 202. Pedaria sp. 203. Hansreia affinis (Fabricius, 1801). 204. Deltochilum mexicanum Burmeister, 1848. 205. Cryptocanthon newtoni Howden, 1976. 206. Deltochilum gibbosum (Fabricius, 1775). 207. Anisocanthon villosus (Harold, 1868). 208. Canthidium sp. 1928. 209. Copris dracunculus Ferreira, 1959. 210. Copris incertus Say, 1835. 211. Coptodactyla glabricollis Hope, 1842. 212. Arachnodes sp. 213. Onitis sp. 214. Coptorhina excavata Frolov, Akhmetova & Scholtz, 2008. 215. Oxysternon palaemon Laporte, 1840. 216. Bdelyrus sp. 217. Digitonthophagus gazella Fabricius, 1787. 218. Onthophagus mirabilis Bates, 1886. 219. Proagoderus brucei Reiche, 1849. 220. Canthon aberrans (Harold, 1868). 221. Canthon sp. 222. Anomiopsoides heteroclyta (Blanchard, 1845). 223. Ennearabdus lobocephalus Harold, 1868. 224. Eucranium sp. 225. Diorigopyx tibialis (MacLeay, 1871). 226. Circellium bacchus (Fabricius, 1781). Basal sclerite. 227. Epirinus ngomae Medina & Scholtz 2005. 228. Epirinus hluhluwensis Medina & Scholtz, 2005. 229. Epirinus pseudorugosus Medina & Scholtz, 2005. 230. Epirinus punctatus Scholtz & Howden, 1987. 231. Epirinus relictus Scholtz & Howden, 1987. 232. Canthon rubrescens Blanchard, 1846. 233. Canthon femoralis (Chevrolat, 1834). 234. Canthon angustatus Harold, 1867. 235. Canthon dives Harold, 1868. 236. Canthon latipes Blanchard, 1846. 237. Canthon rutilans Laporte, 1840. 238. Anisocanthon villosus (Harold, 1868). 239. Anomiopus sp. 240. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). 241. Scybalocanthon moniliatus (Bates, 1887). 242. Canthon gemellatus Erichson, 1847. 243. Canthon sp. 244. Canthon lamproderes Redtenbacher, 1867.
PLATE 2. Figures 5–43. Genital segment. 5 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 2. Figures 5–43. Genital segment. 5. Arachnodes splendidus (Fairmaire, 1889). 6. Onitis sp. 1. 7. Gyronotus fimetarius Kolbe, 1894. 8. Coptorhina excavata Frolov, Akhmetova, & Scholtz, 2008. 9. Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859. 10. Amphistomus inermis Matthews, 1974. 11. Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte, 1840. 12. Anachalcos procerus Gerstaecker, 1874. 13. Hansreia affinis (Fabricius, 1801). 14. Canthon septemmaculatus (Latreille, 1812). 15. Canthon triangularis (Drury, 1773). 16. Canthon melancholicus Harold, 1868. 17. Ateuchus sp. 18. Uroxys coarctatus Harold, 1867. 19. Dichotomius bos (Blanchard, 1845). 20. Coptodactyla glabricollis (Hope, 1842). 21. Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787). 22. Onthophagus mirabilis Bates, 1886. 23. Proagoderus brucei Reiche, 1847. 24. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) sp. 25. Sceliages adamastor (LePeletier & Serville, 1828). 26. Eudinopus dytiscoides (Schreibers, 1802). 27. Ontherus sanctaemartae Génier, 1996. 28. Onitis sp. 2. 29. Malagoniella astyanax punctatostriata (Blanchard, 1845). 30. Anomiopus sp. 31. Copris dracunculus Ferreira, 1959. 32. Copris incertus Say, 1835. 33. Copris mesacanthus Harold, 1878. 34. Canthon sp. 35. Canthon lamproderes Redtenbacher, 1867. 36. Canthon aequinoctialis Harold, 1868. 37. Canthon unicolor Blanchard, 1846. 38. Canthon fortemarginatus Balthasar, 1939. 39. Canthon humectus (Say, 1832). 40. Canthon virens Mannerheim, 1829. 41. Canthon indigaceus LeConte, 1866. 42. Canthon chalcites (Haldeman, 1843). 43. Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) sp.
PLATE 8. Figures 175–196. Elongate sclerite. 175. Gyronotus carinatus Felsche, 1911. 176 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 8. Figures 175–196. Elongate sclerite. 175. Gyronotus carinatus Felsche, 1911. 176. Demarziella interrupta (Carter, 1936). 177. Mentophilus hollandiae Laporte, 1840. 178. Epirinus mucrodentatus Scholtz & Howden 1987. 179. Aulacopris maximus Matthews, 1974. 180. Circellium bacchus (Fabricius, 1781). 181. Eudinopus dytiscoides Schreibers, 1802. 182. Tesserodon novaehollandiae (Fabricius, 1775). 183. Scarabaeus canaliculatus Fairmaire, 1888. 184. Pedaria sp 185. Bohepilussus subtilus (Boheman, 1857). 186. Thyregis kershawi Blackburn, 1904. 187. Arachnodes nitidus (Laporte, 1840). 188. Epilissus splendidus Fairmaire, 1889. 189. Paracanthon sp. 190. Anachalcos convexus Boheman, 1857. 191. Nanos clypeatus (Laporte, 1840). 192. Epirinus ngomae Medina & Scholtz 2005. 193. Malagoniella astyanax columbica Harold, 1867. 194. Canthon melancholicus Harold, 1868. 195. Canthon aequinoctialis Harold, 1868. 196. Canthon aberrans (Harold, 1868).
PLATE 4. Figures 68–92. Aedeagus. 68. Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859. 69. Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte, 1840. 70 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 4. Figures 68–92. Aedeagus. 68. Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859. 69. Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte, 1840. 70. Canthon aberrans (Harold, 1868). 71. Canthon angularis Harold, 1868. 72. Canthon sp. 73. Eudinopus dytiscoides (Schreibers, 1802). 74. Malagoniella astyanax columbica Harold, 1867. 75. Malagoniella astyanax punctatostriata (Blanchard, 1845). 76. Malagoniella (Megathopomima) puncticollis (Blanchard, 1845). 77. Megathoposoma candezei Harold, 1873. 78. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) sp. 79. Scarabaeus zambezianus Péringuey, 1901. 80. Sceliages adamastor (LePeletier & Serville, 1828). 81. Sisyphus schaefferi (Linnaeus, 1758). 82. Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787). 83. Onthophagus mirabilis Bates, 1886. 84. Proagoderus brucei Reiche, 1849. 85. Coptodactyla glabricollis (Hope, 1842). 86. Coptorhina excavata Frolov, Akhmetova, & Scholtz, 2008. 87. Anisocanthon villosus (Harold, 1868). 88. Anomiopus sp. 89. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). 90. Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) sp. 1. 91. Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) sp. 2. 92. Dicranocara deschodti Frolov & Scholtz, 2003.
PLATE 7. Figures 130–174. Basal sclerite. 130. Canthon tetraodon Blanchard, 1846. 131 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 7. Figures 130–174. Basal sclerite. 130. Canthon tetraodon Blanchard, 1846. 131. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). 132. Melanocanthon bispinatus (Robinson, 1941). 133. Canthon humectus (Say, 1832). 134. Canthon triangularis (Drury, 1773). 135. Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte, 1840. 136. Canthon pilularius (Linnaeus, 1758). 137. Canthon violaceus (Olivier, 1789). 138. Canthon bicolor Laporte, 1840. 139. Aulacopris maximus Matthews, 1974. 140. Scybalocanthon moniliatus (Bates, 1887). 141. Eudinopus dytiscoides (Schreibers, 1802). 142. Circellium bacchus (Fabricius, 1781). 143. Bohepilissus subtilis (Boheman, 1857). 144. Diorygopyx tibialis (MacLeay, 1871). 145. Cryptocanthon newtoni Howden, 1976. 146. Paracanthon sp. 147. Demarziella interrupta (Carter, 1936). 148. Coptodactyla lesnei Paulian, 1933. 149. Thyregis kershawi Blackburn, 1904. 150. Pedaria sp. 151. Janssensantus pauliani Scholtz & Howden, 1987. 152. Caccobius megaponerae Brauns, 1914. 153. Canthidium perceptibile Howden & Young, 1981. 154. Bdelyropsis bowditchi (Paulian, 1939). 155. Uroxys rugatus Boucomont, 1928. 156. Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787). 157. Onthophagus mirabilis Bates, 1886. 158. Anomiopsoides heteroclyta (Blanchard, 1845). 159. Ennearabdus lobocephalus Harold, 1868. 160. Eucranium sp. 161. Canthidium sp. 162. Copris dracunculus Ferreira, 1959. 163. Copris incertus Say, 1835. 164. Copris mesacanthus Harold, 1878. 165. Dichotomius bos (Blanchard, 1846). 166. Ontherus sanctaemartae Génier, 1996. 167. Oxysternon palaemon Laporte, 1840. 168. Anachalcos convexus Boheman, 1857. 169. Tesserodon novaehollandiae (Fabricius, 1775). 170. Arachnodes sp. 171. Eurysternus cyanescens Balthasar, 1939. 172. Temnoplectron bornemisszai Matthews, 1974. 173. Mentophilus hollandiae Laporte, 1840. 174. Nanos clypeatus (Laporte, 1840).
PLATE 6. Figures 122–129. Internal sac. 122. Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859. 122a. Raspule. 123. Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte, 1840. 123a. Raspule. 124 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 6. Figures 122–129. Internal sac. 122. Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859. 122a. Raspule. 123. Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte, 1840. 123a. Raspule. 124. Canthon septemmaculatus (Latreille, 1812). 124a. Raspule. 125. Canthon triangularis (Drury, 1773). 125a. Raspule. 126. Scarabaeus canaliculatus Fairmaire, 1888 (Raspule). 127. Scybalocanthon moniliatus (Bates, 1887). 128. Canthon fulgidus Redtenbacher, 1867. 129. Oxysternon palaemon Laporte, 1840.
PLATE 1. Figures 1–4. 1. Aedeagus. 2. Genital segment. 3 in Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) male genitalia
PLATE 1. Figures 1–4. 1. Aedeagus. 2. Genital segment. 3. Internal sac of the aedeagus. 4. Basal sclerite.
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