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Fig. 2 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 2. Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp.1 from the mangrove snake in abdominal musculature of a Sprague-Dawley rat; a) One μm-thin section through a resin-embedded, toluidine-stained sarcocyst showing densely-packed cystozoites (CZ) that were contained in septate compartments; the arrow indicates the cyst wall with small protrusions, which are clearly visible because host cell (HC) tissue is removed at this position; b) gross view of the cyst wall and cystozoites in a longitudinal section; the black arrow indicates a thin septum that separated the compartments filled with cystozoites; protrusions (PT) were broad, short, and irregularshaped, often with a reticulate base that rested on a thin layer of ground substance (GS); c) cross-section of sarcocyst, showing the primary cyst wall at higher magnification to consist of electron-dense, knob-like structures with intermittent invaginations; it appeared as if the primary wall was fenestrated (asterisk) allowing exchange of fine granular material (arrowheads) between the interior and exterior of the cyst; the exterior space between the protrusions was entirely filled with granular substance. d) metrocytes exclusively divided by endodyogeny as only cells with two developing zoites (asterisks) were observed; the white arrow points at deposits of highly electron-dense matter that could form larger clusters in the GS of the septae.

Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 1. Light microscopic observations on the development of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated musculature of Sprague-Dawley rats; a) typical sporocysts, here in fecal smear from Boiga dendrophila, that were used for infection of rats; sporocysts contained a granular residual body (asterisk) and four sporozoites (SP), which are all visible in the upper sporocyst; b) full-length micrograph of a typical (native) sarcocyst of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated belly musculature, the arrows indicating folds of the cysts' body; c) high magnification of the cyst wall of a native sarcocyst, the arrows pointing at the apparently smooth wall; this is the same cyst as depicted in Fig. 2a; the inset shows freshly released, live cystozoites under phase-contrast light microscopy.

Fig. 4 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 4. Predicted secondary structure of helix 38 in domain V7 of the 18S rRNA of Sarcocystis sp.1, Sarcocystis sp.2, S. attenuati, S. scandentiborneensis, and S. zuoi in comparison to S. clethrionomyelaphis (shaded inset). The 7-nt long motif 5′-AAUUCGU-3' (relative to all Apicomplexan taxa examined; nt in italic letters in shaded oval) mapped to a hairpin loop position of helix 38 and was characteristic for all species of the S. zuoi – complex; the motif was one nt (Cytosine) shorter in helix 38 of S. clethrionomyelaphis. Sequences were aligned to a secondary structure model of the Eukarya using SSU-ALIGN. The numbering of nucleotides (bars) and helices is based on the 1881 nt-long structural template. Position 1430 corresponds to position 1357 of the predicted secondary structure of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) as published by Gagnon et al. (1996).

Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 3. Bayesian Inference (BI) of the 18S rRNA phylogeny of Sarcocystis spp. infecting colubrid snakes and small mammals in Asia; the S. zuoi – complex of species is highlighted by the shaded box. This complex excludes S. clethrionomyelaphis, which branches off basally. All new sequences, including a new isolate of S. zamani from Sumatra, are highlighted by black symbols. The known definitive and/or intermediate hosts associated with the selected sequences of the S. zuoi-group are indicated. Eimeriid species from phylogenetically diverse hosts served as outgroups. Bayesian posterior probabilities of three independent analyses (and alignments) are indicated behind each node, showing only one value if results of replicates were identical.

Fig. 6 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 6. Mapping of (A) potential heme ligand binding sites and (B) amino acid variability among different lineages of tissue cyst-forming coccidia in the barcode area of the mitochondrial COX1 protein. A) Map of putative heme ligand binding sites (arrowheads) in a protein sequence alignment of selected taxa used in the phylogenetic tree of cox1. Identical/conservative aa positions are highlighted by light background, variable positions and gaps are shown against black background. Helix 1 (H1) is shown partial, starting at position 14 of the global barcode alignment (Pentinsaari et al., 2016); aa sequences of helices 2 (H2) and 6 (H6) are shown in full length, while putative heme binding sites of loop 3–4 (L3-4) were in its anterior part only. Domain boundaries and putative ligand binding sites were derived from COX1 of template organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bos taurus by sequence alignment against Toxoplasma gondii applying three-dimensional homology modelling of protein structure. The complete alignment of the six helices of the barcode area is shown in Supplementary Fig. S2. Note that aa numbering of the barcode area of the Apicomplexan sequence is different to the global alignment, because the former showed one additional aa and domain boundaries were slightly altered. The nucleotide sequence KC209732 of S. tenella (GenBank) is also registered in the barcode reference database BOLD (accession number JRPAA5858-15; http://boldsystems.org); the aa barcode position 14 (Glycine) shown here corresponds to position 16 of the aa translation of GenBank record KC209732. B) 'Heat map' of aa changes (darker shades of green = more changes, number of changes indicated) in the barcode area among chemically/structurally different aa groups in different lineages of tissue cyst-forming coccidia relative to the COX1 protein sequence of T. gondii. Because helix 1 was truncated, records of aa changes in this area are incomplete.

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Fig. 1 in Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mammals in Florida: New insight into the transmission of T. cruzi in the southeastern United States

Fig. 1. Sampling scheme for the multiscale spatial analysis depicting the sampled sites in Florida. In the state-wide map, green circles indicate a sampled area within the estimated distribution of Triatoma sanguisuga in Florida (gray shaded region) and red circles indicate a sampled site outside of this distribution. The inset depicts the paired site design (peridomestic = blue, sylvatic = green, nearest township to the sampled area = red diamonds, and the average distance of capture from the nearest inhabited household = site associated meter distance). The map was created using QGIS Geographic Information System version 3.22.5-Białowie˙za, htt p://qgis.osgeo.org. County layers map (TIGER/Line Shapefile, 2016, state, Florida, Current County Subdivision State-based) and city locations (TIGER/Line Shapefile, Current, State, Florida, Places) was accessed from the United States Census Bureau, https://catalog.data.gov/dataset. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 2 in High species diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals of Namibia

Fig. 2. Species and numbers of examined animals in the seven study sites; in brackets numbers of infected animals and causative Echinococcus sp. (EC = E. canadensis, EE = E. equinus, EF = E. felidis, EG = E. granulosus sensu stricto, EO = E. ortleppi) (Source of modified map https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Namibia_relief_locatio n_map.jpg).

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Fig. 1 in High species diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals of Namibia

Fig. 1. Location of the seven study sites in Namibia (Source of modified map https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Namibia_relief_location_map.jpg).

Fig. 2 in High prevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii in cat-hunted small mammals - Evidence for parasite induced behavioural manipulation in the natural environment?

Fig. 2. Immunohistochemical stained histological section of the heart of a European water vole (Arvicola amphibius s.l.) (ID B42) showing a T. gondii tissue cyst measuring ~20 μm.

Fig. 1 in High prevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii in cat-hunted small mammals - Evidence for parasite induced behavioural manipulation in the natural environment?

Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of cat-hunted and trap-captured small mammals in Switzerland Map of Switzerland showing the number of sampled small mammals in each location and the distribution of the different groups used in the study. Groups 1–3: "cat-hunted"; Group 4 ′′trap-captured".

Fig. 2 in Molecular phylogeny of the Pseudaliidae (Nematoda) and the origin of associations between lungworms and marine mammals

Fig. 2. Bayesian inference analysis (BI) of the phylogenetic relationships between representatives from all six genera of the Pseudaliidae in relation to the Filaroididae using the concatenated sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) DNA regions. Angiostrongylus vasorum (Angiostrongylidae), Metastrongylus salmi (Metastrongylidae), and Crenosoma striatum and Otostrongylus cicumlitus (Crenosomatidae) were used as the outgroups. Nodal support is indicated by BI posterior probabilities; posterior probabilities less than 0.7 are not shown. The scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Host key: green, Marine Pseudaliidae; red, Terrestrial Pseudaliidae; blue, Parafilaroides spp.; black, other species of the Metastrongyloidea.

Fig. 1 in Molecular phylogeny of the Pseudaliidae (Nematoda) and the origin of associations between lungworms and marine mammals

Fig. 1. Maximum-Likelihood (ML) analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between representatives from all six genera of the Pseudaliidae in relation to the Filaroididae using the concatenated sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) DNA regions. Angiostrongylus vasorum (Angiostrongylidae), Metastrongylus salmi (Metastrongylidae), and Crenosoma striatum and Otostrongylus cicumlitus (Crenosomatidae) were used as the outgroups. Nodal support is indicated by bootstrap values; bootstrap values less than 70% are not shown. The scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Host key: green, Marine Pseudaliidae; red, Terrestrial Pseudaliidae; blue, Parafilaroides spp.; black, other species of the Metastrongyloidea.

Fig. 3 in Molecular phylogeny of the Pseudaliidae (Nematoda) and the origin of associations between lungworms and marine mammals

Fig. 3. Associations between marine (green branches) and terrestrial (red branch) species of Pseudaliidae, and Parafilaroides (blue branches), mapped onto a partial phylogeny of their Laurasiatheria hosts at familial level. The associations of other species of the Metastrongyloidea for which phylogenetic information exists (see Table 2) are also included. The host phylogeny is based on Burgin et al. (2018), but an alternative hypothesis for the time of splitting between mysticete and odontocete cetaceans (Springer et al., 2019) is also presented (arrow). Abbreviations: Aelur: Aelurostrogylus abstrusus; Angc: Angiocaulus gubernaculatus; Angt1: Angiostrongylus chabaudi; Angt2: Angiostrongylus vasorum; Angt3: Angiostrongylus daskalovi; Creno1: Crenosoma vulpis; Creno2: Crenosoma mephitidis; Elap: Elaphostrongylus alces; Fil: Filaroides martis; Hal: Halocercus spp.; Metast1: Metastrongylus elongatus; Metast2: Metastrongylus pudendotectus, Metast3: Metastrongylus salmi; Mue: Muellerius capillaris; Osl1: Oslerus rostratus; Osl2: Oslerus osleri; Otost: Otostrongylus circumlitus; Par1: Parelaphostrongylus andersoni; Par2: Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei; Par3: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis; Parafil: Parafilaroides spp.; Pero: Perostrongylus falciformis; Ph: Pharurus spp.; Proto1: Protostrongylus rufescens; Proto2: Protostrongylus rupicaprae; Proto3: Protostrongylus shiozawai; Pse: Pseudalius inflexus; Skrj1: Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum; Skrj2: Skrjabingylus santaceciliae; Ste: Stenurus spp.; Stenuroi: Stenuroides herpestis; Tor: Torynurus convolutus; Trilo: Trilobostrongylus bioccai; Trog1: Troglostrongylus brevior; Trog2: Troglostrongylus wilsoni; Umingm; Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis; Var: Varestrongylus alpenae.

Fig. 12 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 12. Character matrix of Daouitherium and other primitive lophodont proboscideans (see text: features 1–19) and most parsimonious cladogram resulting from parsimony analysis with Hennig86 program, with distribution of the derived features. Length = 56; CI = 85; RI = 82. This cladogram is unrooted. The significance of Daouitherium for the ancestral morphotype of proboscideans and the basal relationships of lophodont proboscidean taxa with respect to other proboscideans (e.g., Moeritherium, deinotheres) and tethytherians will be investigated separately with the study of the new material of Phosphatherium (work in preparation). Analysed features are additive and are weighted according to their relative importance (see matrix);howeverananalysisofthismatrixwithoutweightingthefeaturesdoes not change the resulting topology. Several reversions that are possible according to the algorithm have been discounted as being anatomically unlikely (features 1, 3, 4). Asterisk indicates convergent feature.

Fig. 9 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 9. Log transformed plot comparing the relative size (length × width) of the jugal teeth of Daouitherium and Numidotherium. After Court (1995: fig. 1). Note the slightly smaller size of Daouitherium and the strong size difference between m1 and m2. N. koholense is probably specialized in its large p2 with respect to p3 (feature 7).

Fig. 10 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 10. Comparison of the lower jugal dentition of Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. and Numidotherium koholense. Occlusal sketches of the teeth. A. Daouitherium rebouli,CPSGMMA4,leftp2–4,m1–3,andalveoli for i1 or i2, i2 or i3, i3 or c1, c1 or p1. B. Numidotherium koholense, cast of unumbered specimen with left i1–2, diastema, p2–4, and m1–3. Drawings not to scale; scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 11. Comparison of the upper premolar referred to Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. with those of Phosphatherium and Numidotherium A. Phosphatherium escuilliei, holotype, P3–4. B. Phosphatherium escuilliei, PM18, P4. C. Daouitherium rebouli, CPSGM MA6, P4?. D. Numidotherium koholense, P3–4, unumbered cast. Occlusal sketches of the teeth. Drawings not proportional; scale bars 5 mm. CPSGM MA6 belongs to a noticeably small individual with respect to the hypodigm of Daouitherium rebouli.

Fig. 8 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 8. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. CPSGM MA6, left p4 in occlusal stereo−view. Anterior is up.

Fig. 7. Daouitherium rebouli gen. etsp.nov.MNHNPM3 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 7. Daouitherium rebouli gen. etsp.nov.MNHNPM3,rightdentary with with ascending ramus and m1–3, p3. in labial (A) and lingual (B) views.

Fig. 5 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 5. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. Drawing of m1–3, p2–4 preservedintheholotype,CPSGMMA4inlingual(A),labial(B),andocclusal (C) views. Scale bars 10 mm.