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Figure 4 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 4. Maximum likelihood-based phylogeny, with 100 bootstrap replicates and using all the 26 mitochondrial genomes generated in this study. The dataset was supplemented with Thyropygus sp. and Abacion magnum as outgroups, with sequences derived from GenBank. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. Colours represent Tropostreptus sample origins. The upper right inset shows the topology of the Tropostreptus hamatus lineage, enlarged to clarify the branching order. Only support values <100 are shown. *Thyropygus sp. (red font) is very likely to be a species misidentification; for more information, see Discussion text.

Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny, with species divergence age estimates reconstructed with BEAST using all the 26 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny, with species divergence age estimates reconstructed with BEAST using all the 26 mitochondrial genomes generated in this study. The dataset was supplemented with Thyropygus sp. and Abacion magnum as outgroups, derived from GenBank. GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses. Blue bars indicate the 95% highest probability density intervals for node ages. Age estimation for lineage divergence was based on a general arthropod mitochondrial DNA substitution rate and should be considered with caution. *Thyropygus sp. (red font) is very likely to be a misidentification; for more information, see the Discussion.

Figure 1 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 1. Typical Tropostreptus appearance exemplified by a Tropostreptus hamatus individual from Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (photograph credit: Nikolaj Scharff).

Figure 2 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 2. Map showing the origin of the millipede specimens used in the study, with the accuracy of location restricted to mountain blocks. Coloured circles all represent Tropostreptus species, whereas grey symbols represent species from other millipede genera. Base map published by permission of the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund.

Figure 3 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 3. The gene order of mitochondrial coding sequences shared among all analysed millipede species in this study, which include all known species of Tropostreptus (T. droides, T. hamatus, T. kipunji, T. microcephalus, T. severus and T. sigmatospinus), in addition to Archispirostreptus gigas, Chaleponcus netus, Macrolenostreptus orestes, Prionopetalum kraepelini and Pseudotibiozus cerasopus. Colour key: red, ribosomal RNA (rRNA); pink, transfer RNA (tRNA); yellow, protein-coding sequences (CDS). Arrows indicate gene transcription orientation.

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Data from: Protection status, human disturbance, snow cover and trapping drive density of a declining wolverine population in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Protected areas are important in species conservation, but high rates of human-caused mortality outside their borders and increasing popularity for recreation can negatively affect wildlife populations. We quantified wolverine (Gulo gulo) population trends from 2011 to 2020 in >14 000 km2 protected and non-protected habitat in southwestern Canada. We conducted wolverine and multi-species surveys using non-invasive DNA and remote camera-based methods. We developed Bayesian integrated models combining spatial capture-recapture data of marked and unmarked individuals with occupancy data. Wolverine density and occupancy declined by 39 percent, with an annual population growth rate of 0.925. Density within protected areas was 3 times higher than outside and declined between 2011 (3.6 wolverines/1000 km2) and 2020 (2.1 wolverines/1000 km2). Wolverine density and detection probability increased with snow cover and decreased near development. Detection probability also decreased with human recreational activity. The annual harvest rate of 13% was above the maximum sustainable rate. We conclude that humans negatively affected the population through direct mortality, sub-lethal effects and habitat impacts. Our study exemplifies the need to monitor population trends for species at risk – within and between protected areas - as steep declines can occur unnoticed if key conservation concerns are not identified and addressed.

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Higher temperature variability in deforested mountain regions impacts the competitive advantage of nocturnal species

Deforestation is a major contributor to biodiversity loss, yet the impact of deforestation on daily microclimate variability and its implications for species with different daily activity patterns remain poorly understood. Using a recently developed microclimate model, we investigated the effects of deforestation on the daily temperature range (DTR) in low-elevation tropical areas and high-elevation temperate areas. Our results show that shade loss due to deforestation substantially increases DTR in these areas, suggesting a potential impact on species interactions. To test this hypothesis, we studied the competitive interactions between nocturnal burying beetles and all-day active blowfly maggots in forested and deforested habitats in Taiwan. We show that deforestation leads to increased DTR at higher elevations, which enhances the competitiveness of blowfly maggots during the day and leads to a higher failure rate of carcass burial by the beetles at night. Thus, deforestation-induced temperature variability not only modulates exploitative competition between species with different daily activity patterns but also likely exacerbates the negative impacts of climate change on nocturnal organisms. Our study highlights the need to protect forests, especially in areas where deforestation can greatly alter temperature variability, in order to prevent potential adverse effects on species interactions and their ecological functions.

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Fig. 7. Dordrecht Mountain, where a in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa

Fig. 7. Dordrecht Mountain, where a second population of Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov. was frst recorded in Dec. 2013 (photo: Lynette Clennell, Dordrecht, 31 Dec. 2015).

Fig. 6. Helicochetus mutaba Kraus, 1960 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Helicochetus mutaba Kraus, 1960, ♂, from Mazombo. Left gonopod. A–B. Coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal view. C–G. Telopodite. C. Anterior-lateral view. D. Detail of C (tip of telomere). E. Mesal-posterior view. F. Anterior-ventral view. G. Detail of F (tip of solenomere). Abbreviations: bp = apical basad process of coxa; btl = basal lamella of telomere; kn = knob-like turn of solenomere; mmf = mesal metaplical flange; mp = metaplica; pp = proplica; ppl = proplical lobe; ps = proximal solenomeral spine; shl = shovel-like flange; slm = solenomere; tm = telomere. Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.2 mm; D = 0.05 mm; G = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Helicochetus dimidiatus (Peters, 1855), ♂, from Udzungwa Mts. Left gonopod. A–D. Coxa. A. Mesal view. B. Anterior view. C. Prostatic stylet. D. Apical basad process. E–H. Telopodite. E. Anterior view (the area marked with blue is covered by the mounting tape). F. Posterior view. G. Tip of telomere. H. Tip of solenomere. Abbreviations: bp = apical basad process of coxa; mp = metaplica; pp = proplica; slm = solenomere; sp = prostatic stylet; tm = telomere. Scale bars: A–B, E–F = 0.2 mm; C–D, H = 0.02 mm; G = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 4 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. Helicochetus spp., ♂♂, from Udzungwa Mts. A–B. H. dimidiatus (Peters, 1855). C–F. H. mutaba Kraus, 1960. A, C, E. Limbus; in E the limbus proper is damaged (remains are seen to the left), so the round-lobed "sublimbus" becomes visible. B, D, F. Surface microsculpture of limbus. Scale bars: A, C, E = 0.01 mm; B, D, F = 0.002 mm.

Fig. 9 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 9. Spinotarsus fortehamatus sp. nov., holotype. A–E. Right gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior view. B. Basal lamella of telomere, enlarged. C. Anterior view. D. Posterior-mesal view. E. Distal part of solenomere. F. Right gonopod coxa, posterior and slightly mesal view. G. Limbus. Abbreviations: bla = basal lamella of telomere; cu = cucullus; el1, el2 = smooth telomeral lamellae; mlp = metaplical lamellar process; msp= metaplical spine-like process; ppl = proplical lobe; ps = proximal solenomeral spine; pts = post-torsal spine; slm = solenomere; td = telomeral denticles; tm = telomere; tt = torsotope. Scale bars: A, C–D, F = 0.2 mm; B, E = 0.1 mm; G = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Damacornu transversum gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A. Limbus. B–I. Right gonopod. B. Telopodite, posterior view. C. Telopodite, anterior view. D. Terminal process of telomeral lamella, posterior view. E. Coxa, posterior view. F. Coxa, mesal view. G. Coxa, anterior, slightly mesal view. H. Basal part of telomere, ventral view. I. Tip of solenomere. J. Sternum of rudimentary ninth leg-pair. Abbreviations: ld = lateral denticle of coxa; mf = metaplical flange; mp = metaplica; mr1, mr2 = metaplical ridges; ms = metaplical shelf; pn = post-torsal narrowing; pp = proplica; ppl = proplical lobe; ps = proximal solenomeral spine; pts = post-torsal spine; rhp = rhomboidal plate; slm = solenomere; tlh = hook-shaped telomeral process; tll = telomeral lobe; tlt = telomeral teeth; tt = torsotope. Scale bars: A = 0.01 mm; B–C, E–H = 0.2 mm; D = 0.1 mm; I = 0.02 mm; J = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mts, showing the collecting sites for the treated species. Blue cross = Damacornu transversum gen. et sp. nov.; red diamonds = Geotypodon papei sp. nov.; yellow triangle = Helicochetus dimidiatus (Peters, 1855); purple dots = H. mutaba Kraus, 1960; orange oval = Hoffmanides dissutus (Hoffman, 1963) (approximate location); green triangle = Spinotarsus fortehamatus sp. nov. Based on Marshall et al. (2010: fig. 1).

Fig. 8 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 8. Hoffmanides dissutus (Hoffman, 1963), ♂, from Udzungwa Mts National Park. A–B. Telson. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view. C. Limbus. D. Gonopod coxa, anterior view. E. Gonopod telopodite, posterior-mesal view. Abbreviations: ssb = spine-like side branch of solenomere, nested in cavity of telomere; stu = middle setiferous tubercle on "ravelin"; tm = tip of telomere. Scale bars: A–B, D = 0.2 mm; C = 0.001 mm; E = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 7. Hoffmanides dissutus (Hoffman, 1963), ♂, from Udzungwa Mts National Park. Photograph by A. Illum. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 11. Odontopygidae of the Udzungwa Mts, altitudinal distribution. Based on medians of the altitudinal ranges shown in Table 3.

Fig. 10 in A mountain of millipedes VI. New records, new species, a new genus and a general discussion of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 10. Geographical relationships of the Odontopygidae of the Udzungwa Mts. See main text for explanation. No relationships are shown for the three endemic genera (Casuariverpa Enghoff, 2016, Utiliverpa Enghoff, 2016 and Yia Enghoff, 2016), nor for the Udzungwa species of the large genus Spinotarsus Attems, 1909, nor for the widespread species Helicochetus dimidiatus (Peters, 1855) and Prionopetalum kraepelini (Attems, 1896). Base map by permission of the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

FIGURE 50 in Inventory of the Carabid Beetle Fauna of the Gaoligong Mountains, Western Yunnan Province, China: Species of the Tribe Broscini (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

FIGURE 50. Chart illustrating the co-occurence (syntopy) of broscine species in samples from the same habitats and at the same sites in the Gaoligong Shan region. Incidents of syntopy marked in black represent confirmed co-occurrence, those marked in grey not confirmed by records but likely.