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Figure 4 in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 4. Cuticle ultrastructure of annelids. A-B. Eurythoe complanata (Amphinomidae). A. Cross section of cuticle on the trunk. Cuticle made up of layers of parallel collagen fibres (cf) traversed by microvilli (mv), which branch apically above the epicuticle (ec, arrowhead), epicuticle (ec) with dense bodies (db). B. Tangential section showing arrangement of collagen fibres and microvilli. C. Polygordius appendiculatus (Polygordiidae). Microvilli extend far above epicuticle (ec). D. Sphaerodoropsis minuta (Sphaerodoridae). Cuticle with irregularly arranged hardly visible collagen fibres (cf), covered by dark disk-like structures (arrowhead); cuticle traversed by cilium (ci) of receptor cell. E. Ophiodromus pallidus (Hesionidae). Cuticle without collagen fibres, microvilli branch above cuticle (arrowhead). – bc = basal cuticle, cf = collagen fibre, ci = cilium, db = dense body, ec = epicuticle, mv = micovillus. TEM micrographs.

Figure 5. Parapodia and chaetae. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 5. Parapodia and chaetae. A. Eunice pennata (Eunicidae); parapodium comprised of dorsal cirrus (dc), neuropodium (nep), ventral cirrus (vc) and branchia (br); acicula invisible. SEM micrograph. B. Scoloplos armiger (Orbiniidae). Cross section showing parapodium with supportive chaetae and chaetal sac; arrowheads point to sectioned chaetae. TEM micrograph. C. Syllidia armata (Hesionidae); notopodium restricted to dorsal cirrus and acicula (ac). D. Streptosyllis websteri (Syllidae). Aciculae (ac) extending outside parapodial lobe (arraowheads). E. Sphaerodopsis minuta (Sphaerodoridae). Acicula with chaetoblast (chb); arrowheads point to junctional complexes. F. Fabricia stellaris (Sabellidae). Parapodium of thorax with capillaries and uncini. G. Lanice conchilega (Terebellidae). Uncini. - ac = acicula, br = branchia, ch = chaeta, cm = circular muscle, coe = coelom, dc = dorsal cirrus, dlm = dorsal longitudinal muscle, ep = epidermis, dbv = dorsal blood vessel, fc = follicle cell, i = intestine, mv = microvillus, nep = neuropodium, obm = oblique muscle, pm = protractor muscle, rm = retractror muscle, snv = subneural blood vessel, vbv = ventral blood vessel, vc = ventral cirrus, vlm = ventral longitudinal muscle, vnc = ventral nerve cord. C, D, F, G: micrographs from living specimens, slightly squeezed.

Figure 11. Nervous system and brain. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 11. Nervous system and brain. A. Nervous system of the trunk with longitudinal and segmental circular nerves exemplified by Parapodrilus psammophilus (Dorvilleidae). Ventral cord consists of unpaired median (mn) and main paired nerves (mvn). B-D. Anti α-tubulin immunoreactivity; dotted lines indicate segment borders. B. Polygordius appendiculatus (Polygordiidae), ventral nerve cord (green) comprising three closely apposed neurite bundles, serotonergic perikarya (red) in a repetitive pattern although distinct ganglia are absent (medullary cord). Note high number of segmental nerves. C-D. Brania clavata (Syllidae); depth coding images. C. Brain (b) and ventral nerve cord in ventral view, ventral cord consists of several closely apposed nerves forming 3 bundles behind 1st ganglion (g1), 4 segmental nerves (arrowheads, ppn) in each segment; brain gives rise to several stomatogastric nerves (sn). D. Ventral cord in the trunk region. F. General diagram of the cephalic nervous system in polychaetes, numerals refer to palp nerve roots, somata stippled. E-H. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). E Ventral nerve cord in basiepithelial position (arrowheads refer to epidermal extracellular matrix). F. Parasagittal section with mushroom bodies (mb), note subepithelial position of brain; arrowheads point to cerebral ganglia. H Enlargement of anterior part of mushroom body with stalks of globuli cells (gc). – br = brain, cc = circumoesophageal connective, dcdr = dorsal commissure of drcc, dcvr = dorsal commissure of vrcc, dlln = dorsolateral longitudinal nerve, drcc = dorsal root of cc, ecm = extracellular matrix, ep = epidermis, g1 = 1st ganglion, gc = globuli cell, in = intestine, lln = lateral longitudinal nerve, mb = mushroom body, mn = median nerve of ventral cord, mvn = main nerve of ventral cord, nla = nerve of lateral antenna, nma = nerve of median antenna, no = nuchal organ, np = neuropil, obm = oblique muscle, pn = palp nerve, ppn = parapodial nerve, sn = stomatogastric nerve, so = somata of neurites, sog = suboesophageal ganglion, vbv = ventral blood vessel, vcdr = ventral commissure of drcc, vcvr = ventral commissure of vrcc, vlm = ventral longitudinal muscle, vrcc = ventral root of cc. A, F: modified from Müller and Orrhage (2005). Micrographs; B C: Lehmacher, C, D: M. Kuper, Osnabrück.

Figure 7. Pigmented eyes. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 7. Pigmented eyes. A. Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae). Two pairs of adult eyes (ey) situated on the prostomium. B. Microphthalmus similis (Errantia, incertae sedis). Arrowheads point to small prostomial eyes. C. Nicolea zostericola (Terebellidae). Numerous small pigmented eyes below tentacular crown (arrowheads). D. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). Section showing pigmented eye with lens (le); arrowhead points to zone with rhabdomeres, arrow: marks layer of cell bodies of photoreceptor cells below pigment cell layer (psc). E. Piscicola geometra (Clitellata). Pigmented eye with phaosomous photoreceptor cells (prc), arrowhead points to phaosomes. F. Saccocirrus papillocercus (Saccocirridae). Small pigmented eye, structurally indistinguishable from larval eye; arrow indicates inverse orientation of photoreceptive structures, eye cup communicates with exterior via small pore (arrowhead). G. Gyptis propinqua (Hesionidae). Multicellular-pigmented eye with lens, arrows indicate converse orientation of photoreceptive processes. - br = branchia, cu = cuticle, ep = epidermis, ey = eye, la = lateral antenna, le = lens, pa = palp, prc = photoreceptor cell, psc = pigmented supportive cell, smv = sensory microvilli, tc = tentacular cirri, te = tentacle. A-C: micrographs from living animals; D, E: histological sections, Azan staining; F, G: TEM micrographs.

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FIG. 2 in Phylogeny and morphology of Fissidentaceae Schimp. in the South Atlantic Islands and description of a new species

FIG. 2. — Fissidens noronhensis Teixeira, Bordin & M. Carv.-Silva, sp. nov.: A, vegetative plant; B, oblong leaf; C, axillary nodules; D, cross section vaginant laminae; E, leaf with acute apex; F basal part of leaf; G, mid leaf with hexagonal cells. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, E-G, 100 µm; D, 50 µm.

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Fissidens lindbergii C 0.008 FIG. 1 in Phylogeny and morphology of Fissidentaceae Schimp. in the South Atlantic Islands and description of a new species

Fissidens lindbergii C 0.008 FIG. 1. — Phylogenetic tree based on analysis with the concatenated sequences of chloroplast rps4 and trnG genes. The numbers next to the branches are the bootstrap values for Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and later probabilities for Bayesian, respectively. Abbreviations: C, continental; T, Trindade Island; FN, Fernando de Noronha.

Figure 18 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 18. Diagnostic characters for genera of Eucalliacidae. Posterior carapace, sternite 7, pleopod1, coxa 4, basis of pereopod 5: a, Pseudocalliax. Carapace, eyestalks, antennules, antennae: b, Eucalliax. Telson, uropod: c, Calliaxina; d, Eucalliaxiopsis. Pleomere 6, telson, uropod: e, Paraglypturus; f, Eucalliax. Major cheliped: g, Paraglypturus; h, Eucalliax. Minor cheliped: i, Paraglypturus; j, Calliax; k, Pseudocalliax. Pereopod 3: k, Calliaxina; l, Calliax. Pereopod 4: m, Paraglypturus. Original illustrations: a, Pseudocalliax tooradin NMV J303; e, Calliaxina SA-01, UF 36699; h, Eucalliax quadracuta, Panama, NHMW 25916.

Figure 17 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 17. Diagnostic characters for genera of Ctenochelidae. Major cheliped: a, Ctenocheles; b, Ctenocheloides; c, Kiictenocheloides; d, Gourretia. Minor cheliped: e, Ctenocheloides; f, Kiictenocheloides; g, h, Paragourretia; i, Gourretia. Maxilliped 3: j, Gourretia. Male coxa 5: k, Laurentgourretia. Male pleopods 1, 2: l, m, Laurentgourretia. Original illustrations: k–m, Laurentgourretia rhopalommata, MNHN-IU-2014-11417.

Figure 14 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 14. Diagnostic characters for genera of Callichiridae. Pereopod 3: a, Audacallichirus; b, Karumballichirus; c, Neocallichirus; d, Lepidophthalmus; e, Mucrollichirus. Pleon, telson, uropods: f,Callichirus; g,Grynaminna; h,Michaelcallianassa. Telson, uropod:i,Audacallichirus; j, Balsscallichirus; k, Glypturoides; l, Karumballichirus; m, Lepidophthalmus; n, Mocallichirus; o, Kraussillichirus; p, Neocallichirus. Original illustrations: n, Mocallichirus mocambiquensis, UF 13986; e, Mucrollichirus mucronatus, MNHN-IU-2013-2777.

Figure 13 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 13. Diagnostic characters for genera of Callichiridae. Rostrum, eyestalks, antennules, antennae: a, Calliapagurops; b, Lepidophthalmus; c, Mocallichirus; d, Mucrollichirus; e, Karumballichirus; f, Audacallichirus; g, h, Glypturus; i, Corallianassa. Maxilliped 3: j, Mocallichirus; k, Glypturoides; l, Karumballichirus; m, Thailandcallichirus; n, Calliapagurops. Male major pereopod 1: o, Glypturus; p, Thailandcallichirus; q, Corallianassa; r, Mucrollichirus; s, Karumballichirus; t, Glypturoides; u, Laticallichirus. Minor pereopod 1: v, Balsscallichirus; w, Laticallichirus. Original illustrations: c, Mocallichirus mocambiquensis, UF 13986; d, r, Mucrollichirus mucronatus, MNHN-IU-2013-2777.

Figure 10 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 10. Diagnostic characters for genera of Callianassidae. Pereopod 3: a, Lipkecallianassa; b, Scallasis; c, Spinicallianassa; d, Jocullianassa. Male pleopod 1: e, Caviallianassa. Male pleopod 2: f, Caviallianassa; g, Poti. Original illustration: e, f, Caviallianassa FP-11, UF 29204.

Figure 7 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 7. Diagnostic characters for genera of Callianassidae. Maxilliped 3: a,Callianassa; b,Caviallianassa; c,Cheramoides; d,Lipkecallianassa; e, Necallianassa; f, Neotrypaea; g, Praedatrypaea; h, Pugnatrypaea; i, Scallasis; j, Spinicallianassa; k, Trypaea; l, Arenallianassa; m, Biffarius. Original illustrations: a, Callianassa; b, Caviallianassa; c, Cheramoides; d, Lipkecallianassa; e, Necallianassa; m, Biffarius delicatulus, NHMW 25542.

Figure 8 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 8. Diagnostic characters for genera of Callianassidae. Male major cheliped: a, Cheramus; b, Fragillianassa; c, Coriollianassa; d, e, Biffarius; f, Arenallianassa; g, Caviallianassa; h, Callianassa; i, Cheramoides; j, Filhollianassa; k, Gilvossius. Minor cheliped: l, Cheramoides; m, Neotrypaea. Original illustrations: c, Coriollianassa MOZ-33, MNHN-IU-2008-10314; e, Biffarius biformis, NMV J20793; g, Caviallianassa FP-11, UF 29204; j, Filhollianassa filholi, NMV J62111.

Figure 5 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 5. Diagnostic characters of Anacalliacidae, Anacalliax: a, dorsal anterior carapace, eyestalks, antennules, antennae; b, lateral carapace; c, maxilliped 3; d, male pleopod 1; e, female pleopod 2; f, telson, uropod.

Figure 3 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 3. Diagnostic characters for families of Axiidea. Maxilla: a, Axiidae, Eutrichocheles; b, Callianassidae, Arenallianassa. Maxilliped 1: c, Callichiridae; d, Callianassidae. Maxilliped 3: e, Callianopsidae; f, Anacalliacidae; g, Callianassidae, Callianassa; h, Callianassidae, Caviallianassa. Major cheliped: i, Micheleidae, Tethisea; j, Callianideidae, Callianidea; k, Ctenochelidae, Ctenocheles; l, Ctenochelidae, Gourretia; m, Anacalliacidae. Minor cheliped: n, Ctenochelidae, Ctenocheles; o, Ctenochelidae, Gourretia. Pereopod 3, propodus, dactylus: p, Axiidae, Acanthaxius; q, Strahlaxiidae, Neaxius. Pereopod 5, fingers: r, Ctenochelidae, Ctenocheloides; s, Anacalliacidae. The arrows indicate features of interest. Original illustrations: d, Callianassa subterranea, NMV J16779; h, Caviallianassa FP-11, UF 29204.

Figure 2 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 2. Diagnostic characters for families of Axiidea. Anterior carapace, dorsal: a, Axiidae, Pillsburyaxius; b, Axiidae, Eiconaxius; c, Strahlaxiidae, Neaxius; d, Eucalliacidae, Calliaxina; e, Micheleidae, Tethisea; f, Callianeidae, Callianidea. Carapace, lateral: g, Micheleidae, Michelea; h, Eucalliacidae,Calliaxina. Posterior carapace, pleomeres 1, 2: i, Paracalliacidae; j, Callianassidae. Anterior carapace, branchiostegite, epistome, basal antenna and eyestalk: k, Eucalliacidae, Calliaxina; l, Callichiridae, Callichirus; m, Callichiridae, Lepidophthalmus; n, Callianassidae, Coriollianassa; o, Callianassidae, Biffarius. Original illustrations: i, Paracalliax bollorei, MNHN Th1517; k, Calliaxina sakaii, ULLZ; l, Callichirus islagrande, ULLZ; m, Lepidophthalmus richardi, ULLZ; n, Coriollianassa coriolisae, MNHN-IU-2014-18276; o, Biffarius biformis.

Figure 1 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 1. Earliest published figures of callianassids. Clockwise: Cancer candidus Olivi, 1792, pl. 3 fig. 3; Astacus tyrrhenus Petagna, 1792, pl. 5 fig. 3; Cancer (Astacus) subterraneus Montagu, 1808, pl. 3 figs 1, 2.

Figure 12 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 12. Diagnostic characters for genera of Callianopsidae. Carapace: a, Bathycalliax. Pleomere 6: c, Callianopsis. Maxilliped 3: c, Bathycalliax.

Figure 4 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 4. Diagnostic characters for families of Axiidea. Female pleopod 1: a, Eucalliacidae, Paraglypturus; b, Paracalliacidae. Female pleopod 2: c, Paracalliacidae; d, Eucalliacidae,Calliax; e, Eucalliacidae, Calliaxina; f, Callichiridae; g, Callianassidae. Male pleopod 1: h, i, Callichiridae; j, Callianassidae. Male pleopod 2: k, Ctenochelidae, Ctenocheles; l, Eucalliacidae, Eucalliax; m, Eucalliacidae, Calliaxina; n, Eucalliacidae, Paraglypturus. Pleopod 3: o, Axiidae, Marianaxius; p, Strahlaxiidae, Neaxiopsis; q, Callichiridae. Pleomere 6, uropod, telson: r, Ctenochelidae, Gourretia; s, Ctenochelidae, Paragourretia; t, Eucalliacidae, Calliaxina; u, Eucalliacidae, Eucalliax; v, Callianassidae; w, Anacalliacidae; x, Callianopsidae. Arrows indicate features of interest. Original illustrations: s, Eucalliax quadracuta, NHMW 25916; w, Anacalliax agassizi MNHN Th1206.

Figure 16 in A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support

Figure 16. Diagnostic characters for genera of Ctenochelidae. Pleon (suture between pleomeres 2 and 3 indicated): a, Ctenocheles; b, Ctenocheloides. Pleomere 6, telson, uropod: c, Dawsonius; d, Gourretia; e, Paragourretia; f, Laurentgourretia. Rostrum, eyestalks, antennules, antennae: g, h, Ctenocheles; i, Ctenocheloides; j, k, Laurentgourretia. Original illustrations: f, j, k, Laurentgourretia rhopalommata, MNHN-IU-2014-11417.