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FIGURE 11 in New species of predatory mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) for southern Brazil
FIGURE 11. Lupaeus waldumirus sp. nov., female. A. Leg I; B. Leg II; C. Leg III; D. Leg IV.
FIGURE 9 in New species of predatory mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) for southern Brazil
FIGURE 9. Lupaeus waldumirus sp. nov., female. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral view of the idiosoma.
FIGURE 6 in New species of predatory mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) for southern Brazil
FIGURE 6. Cunaxoides lajeadensis sp. nov., male. A. Leg I; B. Leg II; C. Leg III; D. Leg IV.
FIGURE 4 in New species of predatory mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) for southern Brazil
FIGURE 4. Cunaxoides lajeadensis sp. nov., female. A. Leg I; B. Leg II; C. Leg III; D. Leg IV.
Fig. 4 in Predatory midges of the tribes Palpomyiini and Sphaeromiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Middle East, with keys and descriptions of new species
Fig. 4. Palpomyia freidbergi Szadziewski & Alwin sp. nov. A. Wing, ♀. B. Thorax, ♂. C. Palpus, ♀. D. Fore femur, ♀. E. Genitalia, ♂. F. Parameres. G. Aedeagus and sternite IX. H. Seminal capsules.
Proteo-transcriptomic analysis identifies potential novel toxins secreted by the predatory, prey-piercing ribbon worm Amphiporus lactifloreus
<p>Nemerteans (ribbon worms) employ toxins to subdue their prey, but research thus far has focused on the small-molecule components of mucus secretions and few protein toxins have been characterized. We carried out a preliminary proteotranscriptomic analysis of putative toxins produced by the hoplonemertean <em>Amphiporus lactifloreus </em>(Hoplonemertea, Amphiporidae). We did not find any variants of known nemertean-specific toxin proteins (neurotoxins, cytotoxins, parbolysins or nemertides) but we identified several toxin-like transcripts expressed strongly in the proboscis, including putative metalloproteinases and sequences resembling sea anemone actitoxins, crown-of-thorn sea star plancitoxins, and multiple classes of inhibitor cystine knot/knottin family proteins. Some of these products were also directly identified in the mucus proteome, supporting their preliminary identification as secreted toxin components. We identified two new nemertean-typical toxin candidates and named them U-nemertotoxin-1 and U-nemertotoxin-2. Our findings provide insight into the largely overlooked venom system of nemerteans and support a hypothesis in which the nemertean proboscis evolved in several steps, from a flesh-melting organ in scavenging nemerteans to a flesh-melting and toxin-secreting venom apparatus in hunting hoplonemerteans.</p>
Figure 11. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 11. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the rectum, showing minute fragments of ingested and digested prey items. AM, Amoebocyte; CIC, ciliated cell; FIPI, fragment of ingested prey item.
Figure 6. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 6. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the visceral mass, towards the posterior end of the stomach and illustrating the disposition of the paired gonads. APRM, Anterior septal retractor muscles; DT, digestive tubule; EO, encapsulated oocyte; FIPI, fragment of ingested prey item; GF, gonadial follicle; IPI, ingested prey item; SC, secretory cells.
Figure 2 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 2. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. The organs of the mantle cavity and visceral mass, as seen from the right side after removal of the right shell valve and mantle lobe. AAM, anterior adductor muscle; AN, anus; APRM, anterior pedal retractor muscle; ASRM, anterior septal retractor muscle; AU, auricle; CS, crystalline style; CSS, crystalline style sac; DD, digestive diverticulae; EO, encapsulated oocyte; F, foot; G, gonad; HG, hind gut; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; PAM, posterior adductor muscle; PE, pericardium; PEG, pericardial gland; PL, pallial line; PPRM, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus; PSRM, posterior septal retractor muscle; SE, Septum; ST, stomach.
Figure 13 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 13. Illustrations of prey capture by (A) Grippina coronata; (B) Spheniopsis brasiliensis; and (C) Cuspidaria rostrata, all drawn to approximately the same scale. (A redrawn partly after Morton et al. (2015, fig. 24 C) and C redrawn partly after Reid and Reid (1974, fig. 1). Possible prey items are also identified. The arrows show how evolution of the rostrum has allowed deeper residence of the sediments presumably for enhanced protection.
Figure 8 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 8. Gyrineum natator. Phase-contrast micrographs of the salivary glands of three individuals following treatment with barium chloride for 50 minutes. (A–C) Three untreated controls; (D–F) three treated individuals.
Figure 2 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 2. Gyrineum natator. The holes made in four shells (A–D) of Saccostrea mordax by individuals held in experimental aquaria. Only A shows a near-circular access hole, but other irregular ones (B–D) appear to have been created by acid attack as there would be no need for the radula alone to make such large holes.
Figure 4 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 4. Gyrineum natator. The relationship between shell height (in mm) and wet tissue weights [Log(W + 1) (in grams)] of seven individuals including the two experimental animals with shell heights of 34.6 and 33.6 mm.
Figure 5 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 5. Gyrineum natator. The accumulated % wet tissue weights of oyster tissues consumed by the two approximately equal-sized individuals of G. natator held in filtered and unfiltered seawater aquaria.
Figure 1 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 1. Gyrineum natator. The living animal as seen from the ventral aspect crawling on an upturned sheet of glass immersed in seawater, and showing the extended proboscis.
Figure 7 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 7. Gyrineum natator. (A) A transverse section through one of the paired salivary glands and the associated pharyngeal (oesophageal) gland; (B) developing salivary gland tubules at the outer edge of the salivary gland; (C) fully developed sulphuric acid producing salivary gland cells; (D) a transverse section through a pharyngeal (oesophageal) gland tubule; (E) a transverse section through the salivary gland/pharyngeal gland duct.
Figure 3 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 3. Saccostrea mordax. The relationship between total weight [Log(TotW + 1) (in grams)] and wet tissue weights [Log(W + 1) (in grams)] of the 34 oyster individuals.
Figure 9 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 9. Gyrineum natator. Phase-contrast micrographs of (A) the salivary gland and (B) the pharyngeal (oesophageal) gland after treatment with barium chloride for 50 minutes.
Figure 6 in The feeding strategy of the predatory Gyrineum natator (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa: Ranellidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong, with a review of sulphuric acid use in prey access by the Tonnoidea and experimentally derived estimates of consumption
Figure 6. Gyrineum natator. The foregut anatomy, as seen from the dorsal aspect, and showing the hypertrophied and paired salivary glands and the single pharyngeal (oesophageal) gland. Redrawn after Taylor (1998).
Data from: Effects of predatory ants within and across ecosystems in bromeliad food webs
Predation is one of the most fundamental ecological processes affecting biotic communities. Terrestrial predators that live at ecosystem boundaries may alter the diversity of terrestrial organisms, but they may also have cross-ecosystem cascading effects when they feed on organisms with complex life cycles (i.e. organisms that shift from aquatic juvenile stages to terrestrial adult stages) or inhibit female oviposition in the aquatic environment. The predatory ant Odontomachus hastatus establishes its colonies among roots of Vriesea procera, an epiphytic bromeliad species with water-filled tanks that shelters many terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Ants may impact terrestrial communities and deter adult insects from ovipositing in the water of bromeliads via consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Ants do not forage within the aquatic environment; thus, they may be more efficient predators on terrestrial organisms. Therefore, we predict that ants will have stronger effects on terrestrial than aquatic food webs. However, such effects may also be site contingent and depend on the local composition of food webs. To test our hypothesis, we surveyed bromeliads with and without O. hastatus colonies from three different coastal field sites in the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil, and quantified the effect of this predatory ant on the composition, density and richness of aquatic and terrestrial metazoans found in these bromeliads. We found that ants changed the composition and reduced the overall density of aquatic and terrestrial metazoans in bromeliad ecosystems. However, effects of ants on species diversity were contingent on site. In general terms, the effects of the ant on aquatic and terrestrial metazoan communities were similar in strength and magnitude. Ants reduced the density of virtually all aquatic functional groups, especially detritivore insects as well as metazoans that reach bromeliads through phoresy on the skin of terrestrial animals (i.e. Ostracoda and Helobdella sp.). Our results suggest that the cross-ecosystem effect of this terrestrial predator on the aquatic metazoans was at least as strong as its within-ecosystem effect on the terrestrial ecosystem, and demonstrates that the same predator can simultaneously initiate cascades in multiple ecosystems.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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