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Data from: Genetic and morphometric evidence for the recognition of several recently synonymized species of trans-Andean Rhamdia (Pisces: Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)
A recent taxonomic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Rhamdia (Pisces: Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) reduced a number of described species to synonymy, especially under a broadly circumscribed R. quelen. Evidence is presented here from DNA sequence data, external morphology, and morphometrics that argues for the recognition of R. guatemalensis in Central and northern South America and R. saijaensis and R. cinerascens in the Pacific drainages of Colombia and Ecuador, respectively. The DNA data indicate that all trans-Andean samples form a monophyletic group, within which there are separate clades corresponding to R. laticauda and the synonymized R. guatemalensis, R. saijaensis, and R. cinerascens. The morphometric data substantiate the phylogenetic groupings, and in external morphology, each putative species has diagnostic characters. Rhamdia guatemalensis is characterized by insertion of the adipose fin closer to the dorsal fin than to the caudal fin and presence of a conspicuous lateral longitudinal dark band; R. saijaensis is characterized by a small head with head length 20.8–23.4% of standard length and by lacking a lateral longitudinal band; and R. cinerascens is characterized by a large head with head length 25.8–30.1% of standard length, base of the adipose fin 30.3–33.3% of standard length, outer mental barbels extending to the base of the pectoral rays, and presence of a faint lateral longitudinal band. The external morphological differences and phylogenetic relationships indicate that these groups are both recognizable and represent independent lineages, which argue for their recognition as species.
Data from: Contemporary evolution of sea urchin gamete-recognition proteins: experimental evidence of density-dependent gamete performance predicts shifts in allele frequencies over time
Species whose reproductive strategies evolved at one density regime might be poorly adapted to other regimes. Field and laboratory experiments on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus examined the influences of the two most common sperm bindin alleles, which differ at two amino acid sites, on fertilization success. In the field experiment, the Arginine/Glycine (RG) genotype performed best at low densities and the Glycine/Arginine (GR) genotype at high densities. In the lab experiment, the RG genotype had a higher affinity with available eggs, whereas the GR genotype was less likely to induce polyspermy. These sea urchins can reach 200 years of age. The RG allele dominates in old sea urchins, whereas younger sea urchins have near equal RG and GR allele frequencies. A latitudinal cline in RG and GR genotypes is consistent with longer survival of sea urchins in the north and with predominance of RG genotypes in older individuals. The oldest sea urchins were likely conceived at low densities, before sea-urchin predators, like sea otters, were overharvested and sea urchin densities exploded off the west coast. Contemporary evolution of gamete-recognition proteins might allow species to adapt to shifts in abundances and reduces the risk of reproductive failure in altered populations.
Data from: Divergence in female damselfly sensory structures is consistent with a species recognition function but shows no evidence of reproductive character displacement
Males and females transmit and receive signals prior to mating that convey information such as sex, species identity, or individual condition. In some animals, tactile signals relayed during physical contact between males and females before and during mating appear to be important for mate choice or reproductive isolation. This is common among odonates, when a male grasps a female's thorax with his terminal appendages prior to copulation, and the female subsequently controls whether copulation occurs by bending her abdomen to complete intromission. It has been hypothesized that mechanosensory sensilla on the female thoracic plates mediate mating decisions, but is has been difficult to test this idea. Here, we use North American damselflies in the genus Enallagma (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) to test the hypothesis that variation in female sensilla traits is important for species recognition. Enallagma anna and E. carunculatum hybridize in nature, but experience strong reproductive isolation as a consequence of divergence in male terminal appendage morphology. We quantified several mechanosensory sensilla phenotypes on the female thorax among multiple populations of both species and compared divergence in these traits in sympatry versus allopatry. Although these species differed in features of sensilla distribution within the thoracic plates, we found no strong evidence of reproductive character displacement among the sensilla traits we measured in regions of sympatry. Our results suggest that species‐specific placement of female mechanoreceptors may be sufficient for species recognition, although other female sensory phenotypes might have diverged in sympatry to reduce interspecific hybridization.
Data from: Kin recognition affects plant communication and defence
The ability of many animals to recognize kin has allowed them to evolve diverse cooperative behaviours; such ability is less well studied for plants. Many plants, including Artemisia tridentata, have been found to respond to volatile cues emitted by experimentally wounded neighbours to increase levels of resistance to herbivory. We report that this communication was more effective among A. tridentata plants that were more closely related based on microsatellite markers. Plants in the field that received cues from experimentally clipped close relatives experienced less leaf herbivory over the growing season than those that received cues from clipped neighbours that were more distantly related. These results indicate that plants can respond differently to cues from kin, making it less likely that emitters will aid strangers and making it more likely that receivers will respond to cues from relatives. More effective defence adds to a growing list of favourable consequences of kin recognition for plants.
Data from: Sanctions, partner recognition, and variation in mutualism
Mutualistic interactions can be stabilized against invasion by noncooperative individuals by putting such "cheaters" at a selective disadvantage. Selection against cheaters should eliminate genetic variation in partner quality—yet such variation is often found in natural populations. One explanation for this paradox is that mutualism outcomes are determined not only by responses to partner performance but also by partner signals. Here, we build a model of coevolution in a symbiotic mutualism, in which hosts' ability to sanction noncooperative symbionts and recognition of symbiont signals are determined by separate loci, as are symbionts' cooperation and expression of signals. In the model, variation persists without destabilizing the interaction, in part because coevolution of symbiont signals and host recognition is altered by the coevolution of sanctions and cooperation, and vice versa. Individual-based simulations incorporating population structure strongly corroborate these results. The dual systems of sanctions and partner recognition converge toward conditions similar to some economic models of mutualistic symbiosis, in which hosts offering the right incentives to potential symbionts can initiate symbiosis without screening for partner quality. These results predict that mutualists can maintain variation in recognition of partner signals or in the ability to sanction noncooperators without destabilizing mutualism, and they reinforce the notion that studies of mutualism should consider communication between partners as well as the exchange of benefits.
Data from: Two areas for familiar face recognition in the primate brain
Familiarity alters face recognition: Familiar faces are recognized more accurately than unfamiliar ones and under difficult viewing conditions when unfamiliar face recognition fails. The neural basis for this fundamental difference remains unknown. Using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that personally familiar faces engage the macaque face-processing network more than unfamiliar faces. Familiar faces also recruited two hitherto unknown face areas at anatomically conserved locations within the perirhinal cortex and the temporal pole. These two areas, but not the core face-processing network, responded to familiar faces emerging from a blur with a characteristic nonlinear surge, akin to the abruptness of familiar face recognition. In contrast, responses to unfamiliar faces and objects remained linear. Thus, two temporal lobe areas extend the core face-processing network into a familiar face-recognition system.
A benchmark dataset for Manipuri Meetei-Mayek handwritten character recognition
<p>A benchmark dataset is always required for any classification or recognition system. To the best of our knowledge, no benchmark dataset exists for handwritten character recognition of Manipuri Meetei-Mayek script in <strong>public domain</strong> so far. Manipuri, also referred to as Meeteilon or sometimes Meiteilon, is a Sino-Tibetan language and also one of the Eight Scheduled languages of Indian Constitution. It is the official language and lingua franca of the southeastern Himalayan state of Manipur, in northeastern India. This language is also used by a significant number of people as their communicating language over the north-east India, and some parts of Bangladesh and Myanmar. It is the most widely spoken language in Northeast India after Bengali and Assamese languages. In this work, we introduce a handwritten Manipuri Meetei-Mayek character dataset which consists of more than 5000 data samples which were collected from a diverse population group that belongs to different age groups (from 4 years to 60 years), genders, educational backgrounds, occupations, communities from three different districts of Manipur, India (Imphal East District, Thoubal District and Kangpokpi District) during March and April 2019. Each individual was asked to write down all the Manipuri characters on one A4-size paper. The recorded responses are scanned with the help of a scanner and then each character is manually segmented from the scanned images. This dataset consists of segmented scanned images of handwritten Manipuri Meetei-Mayek characters (Mapi Mayek, Lonsum Mayek, Cheitap Mayek, Cheising Mayek, Khutam Mayek) of size 128X128 pixels in .JPG format as well as in .MAT format.</p>
Data for Automatic recognition of element classes and boundaries in the birdsong with variable sequences
<p>Data for Automatic recognition of element classes and boundaries in the birdsong with variable sequences</p>
FIGURE 1 in Pristina trifida sp. nov., a new soildwelling microannelid (Oligochaeta: Naididae) from Amazonian forest soils, with comments on species recognition in the genus
FIGURE 1. Pristina trifida sp. nov. A. Needle chaeta and proximal shaft of hair chaeta. B. Tip of needle chaeta. C. Ventral chaeta in II. D. Ventral chaeta in III. E, F. Ventral chaetae in posterior segments, different specimens. G. Stomach, drawn from photograph of living specimen. H. Male efferent apparatus, side view. I. Male efferent apparatus, top view. A, F drawn from microscopic photographs of squash preparations. B freehand drawing from microscopical preparation. CE drawn from microscopic preparation with the help of a drawing tube. G drawn from photograph of living specimen (body diameter artificially increased due to slight body pressure between slide and coverslip). H,I freehand drawings from living specimens. Same scale for A, CF.
FIGURE 4 in A redescription of Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima and Bokermann (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and the recognition of a new closely related species
FIGURE 4. Leptodactylus sertanejo sp. n.. Holotype ZUEC 13657. A—Dorsal and B—Lateral views of head. C—Palmar and D—Plantar views.
FIGURE 3 in A redescription of Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima and Bokermann (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and the recognition of a new closely related species
FIGURE 3. Advertisement call of two topotypes of Leptodactylus jolyi. A and D—Oscillogram, B and E—Sonogram, and C and F—Power spectrum. A–C—LeptodjolyiSP1cAAGb; 16:53h, air 23.0ºC, 15/Jan/2004. D–F—; LeptodjolyiSP2cAAGb; 17:17h, air 24.0ºC, 15/Jan/2004. A–C, a single-pulsed call; D–F, a three-pulsed call.
FIGURE 1 in A redescription of Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima and Bokermann (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and the recognition of a new closely related species
FIGURE 1. General aspect of Leptodactylus sertanejo sp. n (above row) and Leptodactylus jolyi (below); all specimens are adult males. Note the larger size and more robust built of the new species. Leptodactylus sertanejo sp. n.—Above: left, Holotype ZUEC 13657; middle, AAG-UFU 3107; right, AAG-UFU 3108. Leptodactylus jolyi—Below: left, AAG- UFU 4092; middle, AAG-UFU 4093; right, AAG-UFU 4146.
FIGURE 5 in A redescription of Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima and Bokermann (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and the recognition of a new closely related species
FIGURE 5. Advertisement call of two specimens of Leptodactylus sertanejo sp. n.. A and D—Oscillogram, B and E— Sonogram, and C and F—Power spectrum. A–C—LeptodsertanMG1AAGb; 20:20h, air 23ºC, water 24ºC, 18/Out/2004. D–F—LeptodsertanMG2AAGb; 19:05h, air 24.0ºC, 28/Jan/2004. A–C, a two-pulsed call; D–F, a single-pulsed call. Both unvouchered records.
FIGURE 2 in A redescription of Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima and Bokermann (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and the recognition of a new closely related species
FIGURE 2. General aspect of topotypic Leptodactylus jolyi (above, AAG-UFU 4146) and Leptodactylus sertanejo sp. n. (below, AAG-UFU 4145) in life.
FIGURE 3. Metadynomeninae n in A re-evaluation of the Dynomenidae Ortmann, 1892 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Podotremata), with the recognition of four subfamilies
FIGURE 3. Metadynomeninae n. subfam. (A, B) and Dynomeninae Ortmann (C, D), views of thoracic sternum and abdomen (A, C, D) and ventral surface of abdomen (B). A, Metadynomene tanensis (Yokoya, 1933), male 12,5 x 13,5 mm, New Caledonia, SMIB 2 (MNHN-B25583): abdominal holding by P2 coxa; B, Metadynomene crosnieri McLay, 1999, holotype, male, 23.2 x 22.7 mm, western Indian Ocean, îles Glorieuses, Benthedi Exp. (MNHN-B22510): biramous vestigial pleopods 3–5; detail at right; C, Dynomene hispida (Latreille, in Milbert 1812), male 6.9 x 8.8 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN-B22091): abdominal holding mechanism by sternal structure; D, Hirsutodynomene spinosa (Rathbun, 1911), male, 14.3 x 16.4 mm, western Indian Ocean, îles Glorieuses (MNHN-B6899): abdominal holding mechanism by sternal structure (see Bouchard 2000: fig. 24A). a3–a6, abdominal somites 3–6; cx1–cx4, coxae of P1–P4; e4–e6, episternites 4–6; pl3–pl5, vestigial pleopods on abdominal somites 3–5; pr, coxal projection; s, shield; t, telson; u, uropod; 4, sternite 4. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. A–B in A re-evaluation of the Dynomenidae Ortmann, 1892 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Podotremata), with the recognition of four subfamilies
FIGURE 4. A–B, Dynomene hispida (Latreille, in Milbert 1812), A, male, 8.8 x 11.5 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN- B22091): A, thoracic sternum, two views (arrow indicates difference in level); B, female, 8.3 x 10 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN-B22091): posterior view showing sutures 7/8 and spermathecal apertures. C–F, P5 coxa, enclosing penis for its most part. C, Dynomene hispida (Latreille, in Milbert 1812), male, 8.8 x 11.5 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN-B22091). D, Paradynomene sp., male, 11 mm width, New Caledonia (MNHN-B24780); E, Hirsutodynomene ursula (Stimpson, 1860), male, 9.6 x 11.7 mm, Galápagos Is. (MNHN-B27637); F, Metadynomene tanensis (Yokoya, 1933), male, 12.5 x 13.5 mm, New Caledonia, SMIB 2 (MNHN-B25583). cx1–cx4, coxae of P1–P4; d5–d7, sterno-coxal depressions on sternites 5, 6 and 7; e4–e6, episternites 4–6; gmxp1–gmxp3, gynglymes of mxp1–mxp3; p, penis; pr, projection; s, spermatheca; 3–8, sternites 3–8; 4/5–6/7, thoracic sternal sutures 4/5–6/7 (indistinct); 7/8, distinct thoracic sternal suture 7/8. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, D); 0.5 mm (C, E, F).
FIGURE 5 in A re-evaluation of the Dynomenidae Ortmann, 1892 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Podotremata), with the recognition of four subfamilies
FIGURE 5. Uropods in the four dynomenid subfamilies (dorsal surface, unless mentioned otherwise). A–H, Dynomeninae Ortmann, 1892; I–L, Metadynomeninae n. subfam.; M–N, Paradynomeninae n. subfam.; O–P, Acanthodromiinae n. subfam. A–B, Dynomene hispida (Latreille, in Milbert 1812): A, male, New Caledonia (MNHN-B22091); B, female (After McLay 1999: fig. 18g). C, Dynomene pilumnoides Alcock, 1900, female (After McLay 1999: fig. 21g). D, Dynomene praedator A. Milne-Edwards, 1879, male (After McLay 1999: fig. 19g). E, Dynomene pugnatrix De Man, 1889, male (After McLay 1999: fig. 22g). F, Dynomene filholi Bouvier, 1894, male (After McLay 1999: fig. 20g). G, Hirsutodynomene spinosa (Rathbun, 1911), male (After McLay 1999: fig. 23g). H, Hirsutodynomene ursula (Stimpson, 1860), female (After McLay 1999: fig. 24g). I–J, Metadynomene tanensis (Yokoya, 1933): I, male, New Caledonia, dorsal surface (MNHN-B25583); J, female, ventral surface (After McLay 1999: fig. 27g). K–L, Metadynomene crosnieri McLay, 1999, male, holotype, western Indian Ocean, îles Glorieuses (MNHN-B22510): dorsal (K) and ventral (L) surfaces; M–N, Paradynomene sp., New Caledonia (MNHN-B 24779); M, male: ventral surface; N, female: dorsal surface (After McLay 1999: fig. 32g). O, Acanthodromia erinacea A. Milne-Edwards, 1880, female, Puerto Rico (USNM 124263); P, Acanthodromia margarita (Alcock, 1899), female (After McLay 1999: fig. 31f).
FIGURE 1 in A re-evaluation of the Dynomenidae Ortmann, 1892 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Podotremata), with the recognition of four subfamilies
FIGURE 1. Representative species of the four subfamilies of Dynomenidae, overall view. A, Acanthodromiinae n. subfam.: Acanthodromia margarita (Alcock, 1899), Balicasag Island, Panglao, Bohol, Visayas, Philippines (ZRC) (see McLay & Ng 2005: 18); B, Paradynomeninae n. subfam.: Paradynomene tuberculata Sakai, 1963, Balicasag Island, Panglao, Bohol, Visayas, Philippines (ZRC) (see McLay & Ng 2004: 4); C, Metadynomeninae n. subfam.: Metadynomene tanensis (Yokoya, 1933) with its undulating tomentum, Balicasag Island, Panglao, Bohol, Visayas, Philippines (ZRC) (see McLay & Ng 2005: 25); D, Dynomeninae Ortmann, 1892: Hirsutodynomene vespertilio McLay & Ng, 2005, Balicasag Island, Panglao, Bohol, Visayas, Philippines (ZRC) (see McLay & Ng 2005: 21). E, Paradynomene tuberculata Sakai, 1963, New Caledonia, frontal view showing the characteristic "face" (ZRC). (All photographs courtesy of P.K.L. Ng).
FIGURE 2. Acanthodromia A in A re-evaluation of the Dynomenidae Ortmann, 1892 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Podotremata), with the recognition of four subfamilies
FIGURE 2. Acanthodromia A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 (Acanthodromiinae n. subfam.). A–C, Acanthodromia erinacea A. Milne-Edwards, 1880, ovigerous female, 14.7 x 12 mm, west of Puerto Rico (USNM 124263). A, thoracic sternum; B, ventral surface without abdomen; C, abdomen. D, Acanthodromia margarita (Alcock, 1899), male, 11.6 x 12.8 mm, Balicasag Island, Panglao, Bohol, Visayas, Philippines, McLay & Ng det. (MNHN-B28812) [The abdominal sutures are erroneously too much pronouced in these figures since there is a fusion of abdominal somites 3–6]. cx1–cx5, coxae of P1–P5; d5–d6, sterno-coxal depressions 5 and 6; g, female gonopore; 2–6, sternites 2–6 (1 and 2 fused into shield; 3, individualised thoracic sternite 3; 3/4, limit between thoracic sternites 3 and 4; 4/5–5/6, thoracic sternal sutures 4/5–5/6 (indistinct); 7/8, distinct thoracic sternal suture 7/8. Scale bars: 2.5 mm.
FIGURE 6. A–B in Acidiella longipennis Hendel, the type species of Acidiella Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetini), with recognition of two new allied species from Myanmar
FIGURE 6. A–B. Female postabdomen excluding aculeus, ventral and dorsal views (inset at 8x main figure). A. Acidiella longipennis. B. A. kambaitiensis, sp. nov. C–D. Aculeus. C. A. longipennis. D. A. kambaitiensis, sp. nov. E–F. Spermathecae, E. A. longipennis. F. A. kambaitiensis, sp. nov. G. Egg of A. longipennis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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