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Inflammatory gene expression during acute high‐altitude exposure
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Figure 5 from: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
Figure 5 Fore femur (A, B) and cerci (C–E) of Didymocorypha spp. A, B, D, ED. libaii sp. nov. CD. lanceolata (Fabricius). A Ventral view B dorsal view A, B, C, E male D female. Abbreviations: fb = femoral brush; ds = discoidal spines; gs = genicular spur; pvfs = posteroventral femoral spines.
Figure 4 from: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
Figure 4 Head of Didymocorypha spp., anterior view. A Male, D. lanceolata (Fabricius) B male, D. libaii sp. nov. (holotype) C female, D. libaii sp. nov. (paratype). Red arrows point to ocelli.
Figure 7 from: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
Figure 7 Distribution map of the distribution Didymocorypha spp. in South Asia and East Asia (Himalaya).○: D. lanceolata (Fabricius) ; * D. libaii sp. nov.
Figure 6 from: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
Figure 6 Male genitalia of Didymocorypha spp., Disarticulated genital complex, ventral view. AD. lanceolata (Fabricius) B, CD. libaii sp. nov. Abbreviations: L4A = sclerite extending over the ventral wall of left phallomere; L4B = sclerite extending over the dorsal wall of left phallomere; R3 = anteriorly extending sclerite of right phallomere; afa = phalloid apophysis; fda = main posterior lobe of right phallomere; pia = process posterolateral to pva of right phallomere; pva = process anteromesal to pia of right phallomere; paa = posterior process of left phallomere; sdp = secondary distal process.
Figure 1 from: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
Figure 1 Didymocorypha spp. body in dorsal view and ootheca. A, C Male B female D oothecae. AD. lanceolata (Fabricius) B–DD. libaii sp. nov. (holotype and paratype).
Figure 3 from: Wu C, Liu C-X (2020) New record of Didymocorypha Wood-Mason (Mantodea, Eremiaphilidae) from China, with description of a new high-altitude wingless mantis species in Asia. ZooKeys 922: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.47987
Figure 3 Adult and nymph of Didymocorypha libaii sp. nov. in natural habitat. A Adult male B nymphs C feeding adult female D copulating adults E ecological habitat.
Supplementary material 2 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Fasta 2
Figure 6 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 6 Immature stages of Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. A, B free-living larva (A) treated with hot water and a living larva showing the depression in the anterior end of the pseudointestine (arrow) C, D eggs with the inner membrane examined using an (C) SEM and (D) compound microscope E egg strings F–H cysts in the paratenic host with (F) a unfolded larva and (G) a folded larva, showing (H) a single posterior spine (arrow) after treatment with a 5% KOH solution. Abbreviations: Ho, hooklet; PostS, postseptum; PreS, preseptum; Pro, proboscis; PsI, pseudointestine. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–D, F–H), 1 mm (E).
Figure 7 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 7 Phylogenetic relationship of Gordius/Acutogordius spp. restructured using COI partial sequences compared with C. formosanus, E. nigromaculatus, and P. diblastus as out groups. Numbers at the nodes represent the percentage of 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Supplementary material 1 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Video S1
Figure 5 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 5 Field observation of Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. A hazy appearance (arrows) surrounding the body surface in hot water B spermatophore (arrow) on a female collected on the surface of the soil C rainbow-like reflection on the body surface D free-living adult collected in wet soil E, F infected host, Spirobolus sp. nov. (Hsu and Chang, unpublished), harboring (E) three immature worms (arrow) and (F) an adult worm. Photographs courtesy of (D) Fang, Hua-Te and (F) Hung, Ming-Chin. Scale bars: 1 cm (E).
Figure 8 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 8 Seasonal occurrence of free-living adults of Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. Numbers at the bottom indicate the actual number of each bar.
Figure 4 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 4 Female Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. A, B anterior end examined using a (A) stereomicroscope and (B) SEMC–E posterior end with the terminal view examined using a (C) stereomicroscope and (D) SEM, and the (E) lateral view examined using a stereomicroscope F, G mid-body examined using a (F) stereomicroscope and (G) compound microscope. Co, cloacal opening. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, F, G), 200 μm (B–D).
Figure 2 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 2 Posterior end of male Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. A stereomicroscopic image of the posterior end B–DSEM images of (B) overview of the posterior end with bristles concentrated on the (C) lobe tips (arrow), and (D) inner side of the lobe tips and the formation of a bristle field on each tail lobe posterior to the tips of the postcloacal crescent (arrows) E cloacal opening with areoles on the inside wall. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 500 μm (B), 200 μm (C–D), 50 μm (E).
Figure 3 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 3 Mid-body of male Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. A, BSEM images of (A) cuticle in the mid-body with scattered short bristles (arrows) and (B) close-up view of a short bristle C, D white spots and dorsal and ventral dark pigmented line examined using (C) a compound microscope and (D) a stereomicroscope. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, C, D), 5 μm (B).
Figure 1 from: Chiu M-C, Huang C-G, Wu W-J, Lin Z-H, Chen H-W, Shiao S-F (2020) A new millipede-parasitizing horsehair worm, Gordius chiashanus sp. nov., at medium altitudes in Taiwan (Nematomorpha, Gordiida). ZooKeys 941: 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49100
Figure 1 Anterior end of male Gordius chiashanus sp. nov. A stereomicroscopic image of the ventral side of the anterior end showing a white cap, dark-brown collar, and vertical white stripe on the ventral side B, CSEM images of the anterior end surface that is (B) smooth with scattered short bristles and (C) wrinkled D close-up view of the dotted square in C showing the short bristles (arrows) covered by a wrinkled structure. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 200 μm (B–D).
Data from: Altitude shapes the environmental drivers of large-scale variation in abundance of a widespread mammal species
<p>Habitat quality and heterogeneity directly influence the distribution and abundance of organisms at different spatial scales. Determining the main environmental factors driving the variation in species abundance is crucial to understand the underlying ecological processes and this is especially important for widely distributed species living in contrasting environments. However, the responses to environmental variation are usually described at relatively small spatial scales. Here, we studied the variation in abundance of a widely distributed mustelid, the European badger (<i>Meles meles</i>), across France.<b> </b>We used (1) direct detections of 9,439 dead and living badgers, from 2006 to 2009, to estimate badger relative abundance in 703 small agricultural regions of metropolitan France and (2) a Bayesian modelling approach to identify the main environmental determinants influencing badger abundance.<b> </b>Despite a continuous distribution of badger in France, we found large variation in badger abundance between regions, explained by environmental factors. Among a set of 13 environmental variables, we demonstrated that badger abundance in lowlands (< 400 m a.s.l.) was mostly driven by biotic factors such as potential food resources (earthworm abundance and fruits crops) and forest fragmentation. Conversely, in mountainous areas, abiotic factors (i.e. soil texture and climate) drove the variation in badger relative abundance.<b> </b>These results underline the importance of mapping the abundance of wildlife species based on environmental suitability, and highlight the complexity of drivers influencing species abundance at such large spatial scales. Altitude shaped the environmental drivers (biotic <i>vs.</i> abiotic) that most influenced relative abundance of a widespread species. In the case of badger, such abundance maps are crucial to identify critical areas for species management as this mustelid is a main wild vector of bovine tuberculosis in several countries.</p>
Data from: Cognitive function and mood at high altitude following acclimatization and use of supplemental oxygen and adaptive servoventilation sleep treatments
Impairments in cognitive function, mood, and sleep quality occur following ascent to high altitude. Low oxygen (hypoxia) and poor sleep quality are both linked to impaired cognitive performance but their independent contributions at high altitude remain unknown. Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) improves sleep quality by stabilizing breathing and preventing central apneas without supplemental oxygen. We compared the efficacy of ASV and supplemental oxygen sleep treatments for improving daytime cognitive function and mood in high-altitude visitors (N = 18) during acclimatization to 3,800 m. Each night, subjects were randomly provided with ASV, supplemental oxygen (SpO₂ > 95%), or no treatment. Each morning subjects completed a series of cognitive function tests and questionnaires to assess mood and multiple aspects of cognitive performance. We found that both ASV and supplemental oxygen (O2) improved daytime feelings of confusion (ASV: p < 0.01; O₂: p < 0.05) and fatigue (ASV: p < 0.01; O₂: p < 0.01) but did not improve other measures of cognitive performance at high altitude. However, performance improved on the trail making tests (TMT) A and B (p < 0.001), the balloon analog risk test (p < 0.0001), and the psychomotor vigilance test (p < 0.01) over the course of three days at altitude after controlling for effects of sleep treatments. Compared to sea level, subjects reported higher levels of confusion (p < 0.01) and performed worse on the TMT A (p < 0.05) and the emotion recognition test (p < 0.05) on nights when they received no treatment at high altitude. These results suggest that stabilizing breathing (ASV) or increasing oxygenation (supplemental oxygen) during sleep can reduce feelings of fatigue and confusion but that daytime hypoxia may play a larger role in other cognitive impairments reported at high altitude. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that some aspects of cognition (executive control, risk inhibition, sustained attention) improve with acclimatization.
Data from: Going to extremes for sodium acquisition: use of community land and high-altitude areas by mountain gorillas Gorilla beringei in Rwanda
Space use in mammals may be influenced not only by their primary foods, but also by localized sources of physiologically critical resources such as sodium-rich plants. We examined how sodium acquisition influences habitat use in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei) in Rwanda which have increased the amount of time they forage on community land outside of Volcanoes National Park (VNP), where eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) tree bark is their most frequently eaten food. We measured sodium content in samples from 34 main dietary items and quantified sodium intake by 22 gorillas in three social groups over one-year. On a dry weight basis, eucalyptus bark contains 3100 mg Na/kg. In contrast, the four herbs most frequently exploited for food inside the park are relatively sodium-poor (<70mg/kg each). Further, sodium intake rates were highest when the gorillas were on community land. Of the two groups that fed outside of the park, one obtained 73% and the other one 45% of their sodium in that habitat despite only feeding for minimal amounts of time there. However, one group that did not feed on community land acquired 78% of its sodium in the subalpine and alpine zones through the consumption of pith of giant lobelias and groundsels. Obtaining sodium thus likely creates an incentive for the gorillas to leave the park and make forays into high-altitude habitat. Both strategies are not without risks: exiting their natural habitat and feeding on crops may increase human-wildlife conflict and visiting high-altitude areas may increase the risk of hypothermia.
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