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Figs. 41–43 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 41–43. SEM micrographs of larval instars of Sapyga luteomaculata. 41. Second instar head, lateral view with hypostomal groove no longer deep or with pores. 42. Head of same, ventrolateral view. 43. Right antennal papilla and slitlike anterior tentorial pit of third instar, oblique frontal view.

Figs. 25–30 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 25–30. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 25. Head, approximate frontoventral view. 26. Close-up of left maxilla identifying low maxillary palpus and galea. 27. Close-up of apex of left antenna, lateral view. 28. Abdominal segment 10, showing laterally branched pygopod, caudal view. 29. Spiracle of first abdominal segment. 30. Spiracle of metathorax to same scale as fig. 29.

Figs. 21–24 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 21–24. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 21. Entire larva, lateral view. 22. Head, lateral view. 23. Head, ventrolateral view, to show pronounced hypostomal groove, gular bridge, stipital sclerites. 24. Close-up of anterior part of hypostomal groove identified by rectangle in fig. 23, showing pores of unknown function.

Figs. 17–20 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 17–20. Diagrams of right mandible, dorsal views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the fourth postdefecating form. 17. First instar. 18. Second instar. 19. Third instar. 20. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).

Figs. 11, 12 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 11, 12. Macrophotographs of preserved cocoons, side view, taken from nests of Osmia submicans, all to same scale. 11. Four cocoons of Sapyga luteomaculata; left one perhaps not complete, accounting for pale coloration; second from left opened and larva removed; note fecal pellets. 12. Two cocoons of Stelis murina with larvae removed.

Figs. 8–10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 8–10. SEM micrographs of egg and mature oocyte of Sapyga luteomaculata. 8. Anterior end of egg showing chorion obscured by flaking coating; micropyle thought to be at center of picture. 9, 10. Anterior end of mature oocyte showing micropyle at anterior pole and close-up of micropyle, respectively.

Figs. 13–16 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 13–16. Diagrams of right mandible with apices in maximum profile, outer views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the postdefecating form. 13. First instar. 14. Second instar. 15. Third instar. 16. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).

Fig. 40 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Fig. 40. Diagram of abdominal apex of mature larva of Sapyga luteomaculata before cocoon spinning, lateral view, showing small but projecting abdominal segment 10 bearing remnants of pygopod.

Figs. 1–4 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 1–4. Macrophotographs of live eggs and larvae of Sapyga luteomaculata. 1. Two eggs of cleptoparasite floating on provisions in host cell with host egg at bottom of picture. 2. Same cell as in fig. 1, later, first cleptoparasite egg now hatched leaving chorion behind and first instar attacking other cleptoparasite, which has hatched or is about to hatch; host egg not yet killed. 3. First instar in another cell attacking host egg that is already flaccid. 4. Second instar, showing navicular shape and scalloped lateral outline. 5. Third instar, showing well-defined, opaque yellowish meconial mass at rear of body. 6. Fecal pellets on abdominal apex of feeding fourth instar, showing their shape, darkness in coloration, and, on some, taillike process at apices; note small but projecting apical abdominal segment 10 of actively feeding, defecating larva.

FIGURES 1– 4 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 1– 4. Nests of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 1. Nesting site at 28 mi south of Animas, Hidalgo Co., NM, with most nest entrances among yellow-flowered Heterotheca toward right side of picture when first found in late summer 2010. 2. John S. Ascher excavating first nest in 2010, with Margaret A. Rozen looking on. 3. Female Hesperapis rhodocerata with pollen loads being transported on anterior surface of hind tibiae. 4. Closeup of basitarsus showing dorsal trough of hairs used for flinging sand. 5–9. Sequential stills from slow-motion video showing position of hind legs when flinging sand from nest entrance. For explanation, please read text. [Figs. 1–3 courtesy John S. Ascher]

FIGURES 13–16 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 13–16. Macrophotographs of cells of Hesperapis larreae collected in 1990 and 1994, preserved in the AMNH, from extreme southern Yavapai Co., AZ, at 8 mi NW of Wickenburg, Maricopa Co. Note smooth inner surface of wall and fine-grained sand lining contrasting with coarse substrate. 13. Fresh cell. 14. Close-up of cell wall, showing fine texture and absence of protruding pebbles. 15. Cells from which postdefecating larvae removed after application of hardening material. 16. Fragment of cell wall from figure 15 showing brownish, smoothly flattened fecal pellets.

FIGURES 23–25 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 23–25. Diagram of egg of Hesperapis rhodocerata lateral view, anterior end to left. FIGURES 24, 25. Diagrams of second instar of Hesperapis rhodocerata, spicules not shown. 24. Entire larva, lateral view. 25. Abdominal segments 4 and 5, ventral view showing paired tubercles.

FIGURES 26–30 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 26–30. Diagrams of mature larvae of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 26. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 27. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 28, 29. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. FIGURE 30. Diagram of mature larva of Hesperapis larreae, lateral view.

FIGURES 17–19 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 17–19. Microphotographs of right side of cleared head capsules of three species of Hesperapis used to compare degree of integumental wrinkling, frontal view. (ATP = anterior tentorial pit.) 17. H. rhodocerata. 18. H. trochanterata. 19. H. larreae.

FIGURES 20–22 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 20–22. SEM micrographs of front end of egg of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 20. Showing position of micropyle (arrow). 21. Close-up of same, showing micropyle and surrounding sculpturing of chorion. 22. Close-up of micropyle.

FIGURES 10–12 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 10–12. Macrophotograph of cells of Hesperia rhodocerata. 10. Empty cell, dorsal view showing coarse surface similar in texture to that of surrounding substrate. 11. Cell, top removed, showing second or third larval instar on top of sphere of provisions and rough, uneven surface of cell floor without special lining. 12. Fragment of cell floor covered with moldy fecal pellets. [Fig. 11 courtesy William de Oliveira Sabino]

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FIGURES 42–45 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 42–45. SEM micrographs of inner surface of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 42. Longitudinal section of cocoon, front removed, showing long shiny inner surface of wall and modified apical tip showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers. 43. Close-up of surface of multiple layers identified by rectangle in figure 42. 44. Posterior end of another cocoon, inner view, showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers, somewhat off center. 45. Close-up of cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers identified by rectangle in figure 44.

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FIGURE 1 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 1. Road leading from Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona, where nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis were first discovered in the decapitated stalks of Agave palmeri. FIGURES 2–6. Study area 8 mi north of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona. 2. Landscape; note presence of Agave palmeri and Opuntia. 3. Female Lithurgopsis apicalis in flower of food plant Opuntia. 4. Base of Agave plant with rosette of basal leaves, which once dry fortifies bee nests from predations by vertebrates. 5. H.G.H. removing leaves from another Agave. 6. Crack (arrow) in Agave stalk that allows females of Lithurgopsis apicalis access for nesting.

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FIG. 8 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 8. Roost of Thyroptera wynneae in secondary growth at the Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera, Loreto, Peru. Two bats occupied the dark interior of this dead Cecropia leaf (arrows), which was hanging in understory vegetation by its petiole about 2 m above the ground. One specimen was captured in a butterfly net placed underneath the leaf, but the other bat escaped. Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) is a speciose genus of trees commonly found in secondary vegetation throughout the Neotropics, where hanging dead leaves like this one are abundant in the subcanopy and understory.