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1,069 results for “bryozoans”
FIGURE 2 in Revision of the type species of some cheilostome bryozoan genera in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
FIGURE 2. Floridina antiqua (Smitt, 1873), Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-1835a, Florida, United States. A. Portion of the colony including about 80 zooids and three vicarious avicularia. B. Group of autozooids, ovicellate zooids (note the ooecium formed by both the vicarious avicularium and the distal zooid, see asterisk), and vicarious avicularia with raised rostrum showing the smooth gymnocyst. C. Group of autozooids, ovicellate zooids (with ooecium formed by the distal zooid, see asterisk), and vicarious avicularia. D. Group of autozooids and vicarious avicularium with an unusual rectangular rostrum. E. Close-up of zooids, those ovicellate with ooecium formed by one (black asterisk) or two (white asterisk) distal zooids, avicularium with undulate, raised, triangular rostrum, and zooid showing signs of intramural budding (arrowed). F. Putative kenozooids. G. Group of zooids, vicarious avicularia and putative kenozooid with reduced opesia (asterisk). H. Group of zooids and vicarious avicularia, one zooid irregularly shaped and with reversed polarity (asterisk). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–D, F–H = 500 µm; E = 400 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Revision of the type species of some cheilostome bryozoan genera in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
FIGURE 6. Fedorella minima Silén, 1947, Anguilla. A, B. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8734a. A. General view of the colony. B. Close-up of a zooid with paired avicularia, one small and triangular, the other one giant and spathulate. C. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8734b, general view of the colony with zooids having single avicularium. D. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8734c, group of zooids, some with paired distolateral, oral spine bases (arrowed) and a kenozooid (asterisk). Scale bars: A, C = 500 µm; B = 200 µm; D = 300 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Revision of the type species of some cheilostome bryozoan genera in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
FIGURE 4. Smittipora americana (Canu & Bassler, 1928), catalogued as SMNH-Type-1786 of S. abyssicola, Florida, United States. A. Close-up of two zooids with opercula and vicarious avicularium with leaf-shaped, pointed mandible. B. Group of zooids, showing the opesia with indentations, vicarious avicularia and ovicells. Scale bars: A = 400 µm; B = 500 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the type species of some cheilostome bryozoan genera in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
FIGURE 1. Doryporella spathulifera (Smitt, 1868), Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-1729a, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard, Norway. A. General view of the fan-shaped colony with subsequent generations of zooids budded only distally from the ancestrula. B. Close-up of the tatiform ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. C. View of colony growing edge showing paired distal pore chamber windows. Asterisks indicate kenozooidal ovicells. D. Group of ovicellate zooids showing ovicells produced either by a kenozooid (asterisks) or the distal autozooid, the suboral spatula-like spine and triangular avicularia mandibles. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B–D = 500 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the type species of some cheilostome bryozoan genera in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
FIGURE 3. Smittipora abyssicola (Smitt, 1873). A. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-9104, off Cojima, Cuba. General view of the small colony encrusting a phidoloporid bryozoan. B–F. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-1815, Florida, United States. B. General view of the colony with encrusting base and two starting erect branches, encrusting a solitary coral. C. Group of zooids and vicarious avicularia (with triangular mandibles, see asterisk) at the encrusting base and at the start of an erect branch. D. Close-up of the ancestrula (asterisk) and periancestrular zooids and avicularia. E. Group of zooids and vicarious avicularia rising from the encrusting base to form an erect branch. F. Close-up of an autozooid and two vicarious avicularia. Scale bars: A–C = 2 mm; D, E = 1 mm; F = 400 µm.
Latitudinal influences on bryozoan calcification through the Paleozoic
<p>Bryozoans are active non-phototrophic biomineralizers that precipitate their calcareous skeletons in sea-water. Carbonate saturation states vary temporally and spatially in Paleozoic oceans, and we used the Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI) to investigate whether bryozoan calcification is controlled by seawater chemistry in Paleozoic trepostome and cryptostome bryozoans. Our results show that cryptostome bryozoan genera are influenced by ocean chemistry throughout the Paleozoic and precipitate the most calcite per autozooid at lower latitudes, where carbonate saturation states are generally higher, and less in mid-latitudes where carbonate will be relatively undersaturated. Trepostome bryozoan genera show a similar, but weaker, trend for the Ordovician to Devonian, suggesting that like the cryptostomes they are unable to metabolically overcome falling saturation states and simply precipitate less robust skeletons at higher-latitudes. Carboniferous to Triassic trepostomes differ however and show a trend toward increased calcification at higher latitudes, indicating they are able to overcome unfavorable carbonate saturation states. Analysis of Permian trepostomes, at the species level, indicates this is most pronounced in the southern hemisphere where calcification is matched by increased feeding capacity. It is proposed that this increased feeding capacity allowed them to metabolically overcome unfavorable carbonate saturation states. The differing responses of trepostome and cryptostome bryozoans to carbonate saturation states suggest that bryozoans should not be considered as a single group in climate driven marine extinctions. Likewise, it would suggest that modern stenolaemate and gymnolaemate bryozoans should be treated separately when considering their response to modern ocean chemistry changes.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg
FIGURE 2. Statoblasts of Fredericella adrianoi n. sp. imaged by scanning electron microscopy. (a) Whole statoblast from Site 9. (b) Enlarged portion of statoblast showing prominent reticulation and large interstices. (c) Whole statoblast from the Republic of Korea, presumed to be the same species and partly enclosed by tubule walls. Scale bars: a, c = 100 µm; b = 40 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg
FIGURE 1. Maps of collection sites. (a) Vicinity of Manaus; (b) vicinity of Santarém. Scale bars = 3 km.
FIGURE 5. Plumatella spencerjonesae n in Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg
FIGURE 5. Plumatella spencerjonesae n. sp. (a) Portion of a colony. (b) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) floatoblast valves showing irregular outline. (c) Floatoblast in profile showing curvature. (d) SEM image of floatoblasts, dorsal side (left), ventral side (right). (e) Enlarged portion of dorsal side showing fenestra tubercles. (f) Sessoblast frontal valve tubercles. (g) Sessoblast showing heavy tuberculation and slightly thickened rim of the annulus. Scale bars: a = 2 mm; b, c, d, g = 100 µm.
FIGURE 4. Plumatella hartikainenae n in Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg
FIGURE 4. Plumatella hartikainenae n. sp. (a) Portion of a colony. (b) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) floatoblast valves. (c) Floatoblast lateral view showing a typical slim profile. (d) SEM image of floatoblasts, dorsal side (left), ventral side (right). (e) Enlarged portion of the ventral side showing hypertubercles. (f) SEM view of floatoblast in profile. Scale bars: a = 2 mm; b, c, d, f = 100 µm.
FIGURE 3. Plumatella divae n in Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg
FIGURE 3. Plumatella divae n. sp. statoblasts. (a) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) floatoblast valves. (b) dorsal fenestra showing strong tuberculation. (c) SEM image showing floatoblast with ribbed suture and cells of the annulus. (d) Closer SEM view of floatoblast annulus cells with scattered raised lines. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b = 50 µm; c = 30 µm; d = 5 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg
FIGURE 6. Floatoblasts of Plumatella pirassununga. (a) Floatoblast valves, dorsal (left) and ventral (right), the former showing unusually wide, crescent-shaped polar grooves (arrows). scale bar. (b) Lateral view of a floatoblast showing a slight curve. (c) Enlarged view of a dorsal valve showing the serrated margin. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; c = 50 µm.
Phylogenomics reveals deep relationships and diversification within phylactolaemate bryozoans
<p><span>Bryozoans are mostly sessile colonial invertebrates that inhabit all kinds of aquatic ecosystems. </span>Extant bryozoan species fall into two clades with one of them, Phylactolaemata, being the only exclusively freshwater clade. Phylogenetic relationships within the class Phylactolaemata have long been controversial owing to their limited distinguishable characteristics that reflect evolutionary relationships<span>. Here, we present the first phylogenomic analysis </span>of Phylactolaemata using transcriptomic data combined with dense taxon sampling of six families to better resolve the interrelationships and to estimate divergence time. Using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches, we recovered a robust phylogeny for Phylactolaemata in which the interfamilial relationships are fully resolved. We show <span>Stephanellidae is the sister taxon of all other phylactolaemates and</span> confirm that Lophopodidae represents the second offshoot within the phylactolaemate tree<span>.</span> <span><em>Plumatella</em> <em>fruticosa</em></span><span> clearly </span>falls outside <span>Plumatellidae</span> as previous investigations have suggested, and instead clusters with Pectinatellidae and Cristatellidae as the sister taxon of Fredericellidae. Our results demonstrate that cryptic speciation is very likely <span>in <em>F</em>. <em>sultana</em> and in two species of Plumatella (<em>P</em>. <em>repens</em> and <em>P</em>. <em>casmiana</em>)</span>. <span>Divergence time estimates show</span> that Phylactolaemata appeared at the end of the Ediacaran and started to diverge in the Silurian, although confidence intervals were large for most nodes. The radiation of most extant phylactolaemate families occurred mainly in the Paleogene and Neogene <span>highlighting post-extinction diversification.</span></p>
FIGURE 4 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous bryozoans from Zhankurgan (Greater Karatau, Kazakhstan)-taxonomy and palaeobiogeographical implications
FIGURE 4. Primorella zhankurganica sp. nov. SibGIU 12/28: A. Fragments of bryozoan colonies in the rock; B. tangential section showing abundant aktinotostyles between apertures (arrow); C, D. longitudinal section showing structure of aktinotostyles (arrow); SibGIU 12/23.1: E. Micro-CT reconstruction through zoaria; F. Micro-CT reconstruction of colony surface.
FIGURE 3. Early-middle Famennian bryozoans from Zhankurgan outcrop. SibGIU 12 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous bryozoans from Zhankurgan (Greater Karatau, Kazakhstan)-taxonomy and palaeobiogeographical implications
FIGURE 3. Early-middle Famennian bryozoans from Zhankurgan outcrop. SibGIU 12/25: A-E Cyphotrypa sp. A, B. transverse section; C, D. longitudinal section showing abundant diaphragms (arrow) and wall microstructure with bulges; E. tangential section. SibGIU 12/26: F, G Anomalotoechus sp. F. tangential section; G. transverse section; SibGIU 12/27: H, I Pseudobatostomella sp. H, I. longitudinal section showing short exilazooecia (arrow).
FIGURE 1 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous bryozoans from Zhankurgan (Greater Karatau, Kazakhstan)-taxonomy and palaeobiogeographical implications
FIGURE 1. Geological sketch map of the Greater Karatau with the Zhankurgan outcrop indicated (modified after Cook et al. 2002).
FIGURE 2 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous bryozoans from Zhankurgan (Greater Karatau, Kazakhstan)-taxonomy and palaeobiogeographical implications
FIGURE 2. Famennian-Tournaisian lithostratigraphy for north-western part of the Greater Karatau (modified after Zhemchuzhnikov et al. 2015).
FIGURES 84–89. Rhynchozoon brasiliensis n in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil
FIGURES 84–89. Rhynchozoon brasiliensis n. sp., UFBA 1579, holotype, Bahia State, Brazil. 84, Zooids at the growing edge with frontal and suboral avicularia; 85, Autozooids increasing calcification obscuring the primary orifice and suboral avicularium; 86, Group of older autozooids showing verrugate-like frontal process and frontal diamond-shaped avicularia; 87, Detail of primary orifice showing denticles and condyles; 88, Detail of diamond-shaped avicularium; 89, Ovicelled zooids. Scale bars: 84 = 250 µm; 85, 89 = 100 µm; 86 = 200 µm; 87, 88 = 50 µm.
FIGURES 60–65. 60–61. Hippaliosina imperfecta, UFBA 1187. 60 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil
FIGURES 60–65. 60–61. Hippaliosina imperfecta, UFBA 1187. 60, Overview of encrusting colony; 61, Close-up of autozooids showing orifices and avicularia. 62–65. Marcusadorea pinheroi n. sp., UFBA 1186 holotype, Bahia State, Brazil. 62, Overview of encrusting colony; 63, Close-up of autozooid; 64, Close-up of primary orifice showing the condyles; 65, Close-up of ovicelled zooid. Scale bars: 60, 62 = 500 µm; 61, 63, 65 = 200 µm; 64 = 100 µm.
FIGURES 42–47. 42–45. Celleporaria carvalhoi, UFBA 1610. 42 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil
FIGURES 42–47. 42–45. Celleporaria carvalhoi, UFBA 1610. 42, Group of autozooids with suboral umbos and frontal avicularia; 43, Autozooid showing D-shaped primary orifice and frontal avicularia with lanceolate rostrum; 44, Autozooids showing primary orifices and oral spines; 45, Autozooids and large interzooidal avicularia. 46–47. Metrarabdotos jani, UFBA 1606. 46, Overview of encrusting colony; 47, Autozooids showing pseudosinus, latero-oral avicularia, and a gonozooid (left). Scale bars: 42, 46–47 = 500 µm; 43 = 100 µm; 44 = 200 µm; 45 = 250 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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