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Figure 7. Mniophila bosnica. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 7. Mniophila bosnica. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; E, median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; F, median lobe of aedeagus in dorsal view; G, detailed view of the aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); H, spermatheca; I, vaginal palpi; J, tignum.

Figure 2 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 2. Majority-rule consensus phylogenetic tree of Mniophila inferred from the Bayesian analysis. Node labels represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values inferred from the ML analysis. Species are marked and named; tip labels indicate areas and countries of

Figure 6 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 6. Examples of biotopes and sampling sites inhabited by Mniophila: A, Massif Central, France; B, East Carpathians, Romania; C, Rhodopes, Bulgaria; D, Pontic Mountains, Georgia; E, example of a sissing sample prepared for sorting (Scotland, UK); F, Mniophila muscorum in its natural habitat (Alps, Austria, picture by Lukáš Janošík).

Figure 8. Mniophila haveli. A in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 8. Mniophila haveli. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; E, median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; F, median lobe of aedeagus in dorsal view; G, detailed view of the aedeagus apex (up: ventral view; below: dorsal view); H, spermatheca; I, vaginal palpi; J, tignum.

Figure 5 in From Europe to Caucasus: cryptic diversity and unexpected biogeographic history of a Western Palaearctic moss-inhabiting flea beetle (Chrysomelidae: Mniophila)

Figure 5. Illustration of estimated dispersal routes of Mniophila colonizing Europe and the Caucasus from the Balkans in the Late Miocene (5.5 Mya), and Pliocene (2.6 Mya) based on the BioGeoBEARS analyses.

FIGURES 10–13. Leurus spp. 10 L in Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

FIGURES 10–13. Leurus spp. 10 L. jesusugaldei (DHJPAR0041070), mesoscutum, dorsal view. 11. L. sondrawardae (DHJPAR0036732) hind legs, lateral view. 12. L. henrytownesi. (DHJPAR0036798) hind legs, lateral view. 13. L. jesusugaldei (DHJPAR0041070) hind legs, lateral view.

FIGURES 5–9. Leurus spp. 5. L in Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

FIGURES 5–9. Leurus spp. 5. L. marojorietownesae (DHJPAR0037758) mesoscutum, dorsal view. 6. L. wahli (DHJPAR0039547) mesoscutum, dorsal view. 7. L. billeberhardi. (DHJPAR0039118), legs, dorso-lataeral view. 8 L. caeruliventris (DHJPAR0009640) mesoscutum, dorsal view. 9. L. pammitchellae (DHJPAR0039539) mesoscutum, dorsal view.

FIGURE 2 in Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

FIGURE 2. Neighbor-Joining tree based on Kimura 2-parameter distances using 296 COI gene sequences for species of Leurus and their known hosts.

FIGURES 20–25 in Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

FIGURES 20–25. Leurus male genitalia in dorsal view. 20 L. wahli (DHJPAR0028069). 21. L. iangauldi (DHJPAR0039132). 22. L. marjorietownesae (DHJPAR0037712). 23. L. caeruliventris (DHJPAR0037822). 24. L. hugokonsi (DHJPAR0038422). 25. L. henrytownesi (DHJPAR0028655).

FIGURES 3–4. Genitalia morphology. 3 in Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

FIGURES 3–4. Genitalia morphology. 3. Male genitalia (modified after Theder, 1998); abbreviations: P—phallus, PC—phallus constriction, GF—gonoforceps, D—digitus, C—cuspis, V—volsella, GA—gonocoxal arm, A—apodeme of phallus valves. 4. Female genitalia; abbreviations: LAE—lower-anterior extension of quadrate plate, Pyg—pygostyle, QP—quadrate plate, Val1—valve 1, Val2—valve 2, Val3—valve 3 / ovipositor sheath.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

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Data from: Cryptic species diversity reveals biogeographic support for the 'mountain passes are higher in the tropics' hypothesis

The 'mountain passes are higher in the tropics' (MPHT) hypothesis posits that reduced climate variability at low latitudes should select for narrower thermal tolerances, lower dispersal and smaller elevational ranges compared with higher latitudes. These latitudinal differences could increase species richness at low latitudes, but that increase may be largely cryptic, because physiological and dispersal traits isolating populations might not correspond to morphological differences. Yet previous tests of the MPHT hypothesis have not addressed cryptic diversity. We use integrative taxonomy, combining morphology (6136 specimens) and DNA barcoding (1832 specimens) to compare the species richness, cryptic diversity and elevational ranges of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado; approx. 40°N) and the Andes (Ecuador; approx. 0°). We find higher species richness and smaller elevational ranges in Ecuador than Colorado, but only after quantifying and accounting for cryptic diversity. The opposite pattern is found when comparing diversity based on morphology alone, underscoring the importance of uncovering cryptic species to understand global biodiversity patterns.

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Data from: Identifying cryptic diversity with predictive phylogeography

Identifying units of biological diversity is a major goal of organismal biology. An increasing literature has focused on the importance of cryptic diversity, defined as the presence of deeply diverged lineages within a single species. While most discoveries of cryptic lineages proceed on a taxon-by-taxon basis, rapid assessments of biodiversity are needed to inform conservation policy and decision-making. Here, we introduce a predictive framework for phylogeography that allows rapidly identifying cryptic diversity. Our approach proceeds by collecting environmental, taxonomic and genetic data from codistributed taxa with known phylogeographic histories. We define these taxa as a reference set, and categorize them as either harbouring or lacking cryptic diversity. We then build a random forest classifier that allows us to predict which other taxa endemic to the same biome are likely to contain cryptic diversity. We apply this framework to data from two sets of disjunct ecosystems known to harbour taxa with cryptic diversity: the mesic temperate forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America and the arid lands of Southwestern North America. The predictive approach presented here is accurate, with prediction accuracies placed between 65% and 98.79% depending of the ecosystem. This seems to indicate that our method can be successfully used to address ecosystem-level questions about cryptic diversity. Further, our application for the prediction of the cryptic/non-cryptic nature of unknown species is easily applicable and provides results that agree with recent discoveries from those systems. Our results demonstrate that the transition of phylogeography from a descriptive to a predictive discipline is possible and effective.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

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Data from: Cryptic diversity, high host specificity and reproductive synchronization in army ant-associated Vatesus beetles

Army ants and their arthropod symbionts represent one of the most species-rich animal associations on Earth, and constitute a fascinating example of diverse host-symbiont interaction networks. However, despite decades of research, our knowledge of army ant symbionts remains fragmentary due to taxonomic ambiguity and the inability to study army ants in the lab. Here we present an integrative approach that allows us to reliably determine species boundaries, assess biodiversity, match different developmental stages and sexes, and to study the life cycles of army ant symbionts. This approach is based on a combination of community sampling, DNA barcoding, morphology and physiology. As a test case, we applied this approach to the staphylinid beetle genus Vatesus and its different Eciton army ant host species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. DNA barcoding led to the discovery of cryptic biodiversity and, in combination with extensive community sampling, revealed strict host partitioning with no overlap in host range. Using DNA barcoding, we were also able to match the larval stages of all focal Vatesus species. In combination with studies of female reproductive physiology, this allowed us to reconstruct almost the complete life cycles of the different beetle species. We show that Vatesus beetles are highly adapted to the symbiosis with army ants, in that their reproduction and larval development are synchronized with the stereotypical reproductive and behavioral cycles of their host colonies. Our approach can now be used to study army ant-symbiont communities more broadly, and to obtain novel insights into co-evolutionary and ecological dynamics in species-rich host-symbiont systems.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

FIGURE 2 Pentatrocha gigantea n. gen., n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 2 Pentatrocha gigantea n. gen., n. sp., trophi SEM pictures. 2a: frontal, detail; 2b: frontal, 2c: caudal view. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 6.Floscularia wallacei n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 6.Floscularia wallacei n. sp., trophi SEM pictures. 6a: frontal view, 6b: caudal view, 6c: detail. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 5. Floscularia wallacei n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 5. Floscularia wallacei n. sp., neck spines, SEM pictures. 5a: dorsal, 5b: lateral. Scale bar10 µm.

FIGURE 3. Octotrocha speciosa Thorpe, trophi SEM pictures. 3a in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 3. Octotrocha speciosa Thorpe, trophi SEM pictures. 3a: caudal; 3b: frontal, 3c: frontal, detail with left ramus, uncus and manubrium view. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 4. Floscularia wallacei n in Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae)

FIGURE 4. Floscularia wallacei n. sp. 4a: habitus, young (left) and adult (right) specimen, 4b: head and corona, lateral view, 4c: head and corona, dorsal view.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Figure 3 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 3. Map of New Guinea sampling localities for Stegonotus (a) and mtDNA + nucDNA maximum likelihood gene tree (b). Symbols for species/clades match those on the map; * indicates bootstrap values ≥ 70. For some localities, symbols were adjusted for better visibility and so localities are approximate; see Appendix 1. for exact locality information.