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Figure 43 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 43. Jaw muscles of extant caecilians. A–F, the primitive genus Ichthyophis glutinosus. G, the caeciliid Dermophis. A, superficial view of all the major jaw muscles. B, diagrammatic view showing the major jaw-opening muscle, the depressor mandibulae, and the jaw-closing muscles, the very extensive interhyoideus posterior, and the much smaller adductor mandibulae complex. C, cutaway view of the adductor chamber, showing the extent of the adductor mandibulae externus and posterior. D, deeper view, showing the levator quadrati, adductor mandibulae internus (profundus), and the pterygoideus. E, dorsal view, showing the internus, externus, and posterior heads of the adductor mandibulae. F, posterior view of the adductor mandibulae complex. G, ventrolateral view of cranial, hyoid, and anterior trunk musculature of Dermophis. A, C–F, original drawings from specimens. B, reproduced from Nussbaum (1983). G, reproduced from Bemis et al. (1983).
Figure 40 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 40. Sequence of ossification of the skull bones of the advanced caecilian Dermophis. Reproduced from Wake (2003).
Figure 44 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 44. Hyoid musculature of Salamandra and caecilians. A, ventral view of the jaw musculature of Salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). B, ventral view of the jaw musculature of Hypogeophis rostratus. Reproduced from Lawson (1965). C, superficial view of the ventral musculature of Caecilia lumbricoides. D, ventral view of hyobranchial skeleton and associated muscles of Ichthyophis. C, D, reproduced from Edgeworth (1935).
Figure 34 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 34. Floor of the mouth of an Alytes larvae showing the various structures associated with the entrapment of tiny food particles. These are common to all suspensionfeeding tadpoles, except pipids. Modified from Sanderson & Kupferberg (1999).
Figure 18 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 18. Phylogeny of anuran families based on morphological and molecular characters. Reproduced from Pough et al. (2004). The characters of each node are indicated in the original.
Figure 52 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 52. Skeletal reconstructions of branchiosaurs. A, the micromelerpetontid Micromelerpeton credneri, with four rows of gill rakers, attached to thin bony plates. B, the branchiosaurid Apateon pedestris, with six rows of gill rakers. Reproduced from Boy (1971).
Figure 47. Chunerpeton tianyiensis, a in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 47. Chunerpeton tianyiensis, a cryptobranchid salamander from the Middle Jurassic of China. Reproduced from Gao & Shubin (2003). A, skeleton and drawing of the skull in dorsal view. B, skeleton and drawing of the skull in ventral view.
Figure 48. Salamandramorph larvae. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 48. Salamandramorph larvae. A, the oldest described urodele larva, an unnamed genus from the Middle Jurassic of China; skull in primarily dorsal view, trunk and tail in primarily lateral view. Reproduced from Gao & Shubin (2003). B, advanced larval stage of the derived branchiosaurid Apateon (Royal Ontario Museum, no. 44276) from the lowermost Permian locality of Odenheim, Germany, in primarily lateral view. Two external gills are extended dorsally from the trunk. The third gill is lower in position, and pressed against the side of the trunk; a very delicate impression of the caudal fin can be seen above the central portion of the tail. C, sketch of the Apateon larva, emphasizing the outline of the bones. Note that the neural and haemal arches appear prior to the centra, which are not ossified in this specimen.
Figure 24. Jurassic frogs. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 24. Jurassic frogs. A, lateral view of the Lower Jurassic frog Prosalirus bitis. B, diagram of the jumping musculature of anurans. A, B, reproduced from Jenkins & Shubin (1998). C, dorsal view of the Upper Jurassic anuran Nothobatrachus. Reproduced from Sanchiz (1998). Abbreviations specific to this figure: cocc iliac, coccygeo iliacus; cocc sacr, coccygeo-sacralis; long dors, longissimus dorsi.
Figure 32 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 32. Sequence of pumps in anurans. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999). Abbreviations unique to this figure: phc, pharyngeal cavity; gc, gill cavity.
Figure 51 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 51. Skeletons of juvenile lepospondyls. A, the microsaur Hyloplesion longicostatus. Reproduced from Carroll & Gaskill (1978). B, an unnamed adelogyrinid. Reproduced from Carroll (1989). C, the aïstopod Pseudophlegethontia turnulllorum. Reproduced from Anderson (2003). In contrast to the larvae of labyrinthodonts, lepospondyls ossify fully cylindrical centra at a very early stage in development, but show no evidence of external gills.
Figure 11 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 11. Hyobranchial apparatus of Palaeozoic amphibians. A, hyobranchial apparatus of the Permo-Carboniferous branchiosaurid Apateon. Reproduced from Boy & Sues (2000). B, the neotenic Upper Permian labyrinthodont Dvinosaurus. Reproduced from Bystrow (1938). C, the large, terrestrial Lower Permian microsaur Pantylus. Reproduced from Romer (1969). D, the Lower Permian lysorophid Brachydectes elongatus. E, the Lower Carboniferous adelogyrinid Adelogyrinus. D, E, reproduced from Andrews & Carroll (1991).
Figure 10. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 10. A, dorsal view of the hyobranchial apparatus in the Upper Devonian osteolepiform fish Eusthenopteron. B, C, ventral views of hyobranchial apparatus of larval and adult Salamandra salamandra. D, ventral view of hyobranchial apparatus of larval Rana temporaria. E. Hyoid plate of adult Leiopelma hochstetteri. F, G, hyobranchial apparatus of larval and adult individuals of the primitive caecilian Epicrionops. A, reproduced from Jarvik (1954). B–E, reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). F, G, reproduced from Wake (1989). Coarse stippling is indicative of cartilage. It should be noted that the names of the more distal elements of the hyobranchial apparatus differ from those used by some modern authors (e.g. Deban & Wake, 2000), who refer to the hyobranchials and ceratobranchials as basibranchials and epibranchials. Reilly & Lauder (1988) discussed the homology of these elements and the historical reasons for the use by some authors of a unique terminology for salamanders.
Figure 9. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 9. A, lateral view of the hyobranchial apparatus of the Upper Devonian osteolepiform fish Eusthenopteron. Reproduced from Jarvik (1954). B, lateral view of the hyobranchial apparatus of the Upper Devonian amphibian Acanthostega. Reproduced from Clack (2000). C, lateral view of the hyobranchial apparatus of the larva of a modern salamander. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000).
Figure 8 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 8. Configuration of the adductor jaw musculature in primitive representatives of the Urodela, Anura, and Gymnophiona. A, the salamander Ambystoma maculatum. B, the frog Ascaphus truei. C, the caecilian Epicrionops petersi. Muscles, distinguished on the basis of their position relative to the rami of the trigeminal nerve, are different in each of these groups. A, B, reproduced from Carroll & Holmes (1980). C, drawn on the basis of serial sections of Lousiana State University Museum of Zoology specimen 27324.
Figure 6 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 6. Skulls of extant salamanders and frogs. A–D, skulls of the most primitive family of terrestrial salamanders, the Hynobiidae. A–C, dorsal, palatal and lateral views of Batrachuperus sinensis. D, occipital view of Hynobius naevius. Reproduced from Carroll & Holmes (1980). E, F, lateral and medial views of the lower jaw of Salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). G–K, skull and lower jaws of the hylid frog Gastrotheca walkeri. G, H, I, dorsal, palatal, and lateral views of skull. J, K, lateral and medial views of lower jaw. Reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986).
Figure 2 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 2. Cladograms hypothesizing the relationships of Palaeozoic and modern amphibians. A, reproduced from Laurin & Reisz (1997). B, reproduced from Ruta et al. (2003); one of the fundamental trees deriving from the original parsimony run. Numbers at nodes refer to bootstrap percentage values for clades with bootstrap support greater than 50%. Note the widely divergent taxa identified as the sister taxa of the modern amphibian orders, and the limited resolution among the Lissamphibia.
Figure 1 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 1. Reconstructions of two types of Palaeozoic amphibians that have been hypothesized to be the sister taxa of modern amphibians (Lissamphibia). A, the Upper Carboniferous temnospondyl labyrinthodont Amphibamus grandiceps. Reproduced from Gregory (1950). B, skeletal reconstruction of the Upper Carboniferous lysorophid lepospondyl Brachydectes elongatus. C, dorsal, lateral, and palatal view of the lysorophid Brachydectes elongatus, from the Lower Permian. B, C, modified from Wellstead (1991). Abbreviations used in figures listed on pages 8, 9.
Figure 7. Caecilian skulls. A, B, C in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 7. Caecilian skulls. A, B, C, dorsal, palatal, and lateral views of the caecilian Grandisonia alternanas. D, occiput of Hypogeophis rostratus. Reproduced from Carroll & Currie (1975).
Figure 4 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 4. Larvae of modern amphibian orders. A, stage 25 of the salamander Ambystoma maculatum. Modified from Harrison (1969). Note conspicuous external gills and the balancers, extending from the back of the lower jaws. op fold, opercular fold. B, stage 24 of the neobatrachian frog Rana pipiens. Modified from Shumway (1940). C, the primitive caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis; two late embryonic stages showing external gills and a hatchling, in which the external gills have been lost. Modified from Wake & Dickie (1998).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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