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733 results for “predatory”
Data from: Fine-scale analysis of an assassin bug's behaviour: predatory strategies to bypass the sensory systems of prey
Some predators sidestep environments that render them conspicuous to the sensory systems of prey. However, these challenging environments are unavoidable for certain predators. Stenolemus giraffa is an assassin bug that feeds on web-building spiders; the web is the environment in which this predator finds its prey, but it also forms part of its preys' sophisticated sensory apparatus, blurring the distinction between environment and sensory systems. Stenolemus giraffa needs to break threads in the web that obstruct its path to the spiders, and such vibrations can alert the spiders. Using laser vibrometry, this study demonstrates how S. giraffa avoids alerting the spiders during its approach. When breaking threads, S. giraffa attenuates the vibrations produced by holding on to the loose ends of the broken thread and causing them to sag prior to release. In addition, S. giraffa releases the loose ends of a broken thread one at a time (after several seconds or minutes) and in this way spaces out the production of vibrations in time. Furthermore, S. giraffa was found to maximally reduce the amplitude of vibrations when breaking threads that are prone to produce louder vibrations. Finally, S. giraffa preferred to break threads in the presence of wind, suggesting that this araneophagic insect exploits environmental noise that temporarily impairs the spiders' ability to detect vibrations. The predatory behaviour of S. giraffa seems to be adaptated in intricate manner for bypassing the sophisticated sensory systems of web-building spiders. These findings illustrate how the physical characteristics of the environment, along with the sensory systems of prey can shape the predatory strategies of animals.
Data from: Seasonal plasticity in anti-predatory strategies: matching of color and color preference for effective crypsis
Effective anti-predatory strategies typically require matching appearance and behavior in prey, and there are many compelling examples of behavioral repertoires that enhance the effectiveness of morphological defenses. When protective adult morphology is induced by developmental environmental conditions predictive of future predation risk, adult behavior should be adjusted accordingly to maximize predator avoidance. While behavior is typically strongly affected by the adult environment, developmental plasticity in adult behavior — mediated by the same pre-adult environmental cues that affect morphology — could ensure an effective match between anti-predatory morphology and behavior. The coordination of environmentally-induced responses may be especially important in populations exposed to predictable environmental fluctuations (e.g. seasonality). Here, we studied early and late life environmental effects on a suite of traits expected to work together for effective crypsis. We focused on wing color and background color preference in Bicyclus anynana, a model of developmental plasticity that relies on crypsis as a seasonal strategy for predator avoidance. Using a full-factorial design, we disentangled effects of developmental and adult ambient temperature on both appearance and behavior. We showed that developmental conditions affect both adult color and color preference, with temperatures that simulate natural dry season conditions leading to browner butterflies with a perching preference for brown backgrounds. This effect was stronger in females, especially when butterflies were tested at lower ambient temperatures. In contrast to the expectation that motionlessness enhances crypsis, we found no support for our hypothesis that the browner dry-season butterflies would be less active. We argue that the integration of developmental plasticity for morphological and behavioral traits might improve the effectiveness of seasonal anti-predatory strategies.
Data from: A small yet occasional meal: predatory drill holes in Paleocene ostracods from Argentina and methods to infer predation intensity
Ostracods are common yet understudied prey in the fossil record. We document drill holes in Paleocene (Danian) ostracods from central Argentina using 9025 specimens representing 66 species. While the assemblage-level drilling percentage is only 2.3%, considerable variation exists within species (0.3–25%), suggesting prey preference by the drillers. This preference is not determined by abundance because no significant correlation is found between species abundance and drilling percentages. Seven methods were used, some of which are new, to quantify drilling percentages for the abundant and commonly drilled Togoina argentinensis. The obtained range from 9.9 to 14.6% suggests that drilling percentages are fairly insensitive to the method used, implying that comparisons across studies appear possible. Using this knowledge, the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction had limited effect on drilling intensity in ostracod prey. The cylindrical (Oichnus simplex) and parabolic (O. paraboloides) drill holes from Argentina may have been primarily caused by muricid and naticid gastropods. Two oval drill holes (O. ovalis) are morphologically similar to octopod drill holes, but their small size, the fact that extant octopods are unknown to drill ostracods and the absence of such holes in co-occurring gastropods preclude ascription to a predator. Drill holes are located preferentially in the median and dorsal regions, where most soft tissue including the adductor muscle is located. Drilled specimens are statistically taller than non-drilled specimens for T. argentinensis and larger predators selected larger ostracods. The drilling percentage is significantly higher in ornamented ostracods, suggesting that ornamentation is not functional against drilling predators here.
Data from: Defensive posture in a terrestrial salamander deflects predatory strikes irrespective of body size
A wide variety of prey use defensive postures as a means of protection from predators. Many salamanders engage in broadly similar defensive postures, which may function as a warning signal and reduce the probability of attack, or may deflect predator attacks away from vital body parts. The extent to which these strategies (i.e. aposematism and deflection) act exclusively or synergistically, however, remains unknown. We deployed clay salamanders in the field, manipulating size (small, large) and posture (resting, defensive), and documented attack rates across three predator types. Competing risks analysis revealed that attack rates were affected by model size, deployment period, and leaf litter depth at the site of deployment, whereas model posture had no significant effect. Model size and posture did not interact, indicating that defensive posture was ineffective in deterring attack irrespective of prey size. Model prey in the defensive posture received significantly more attacks on the tail irrespective of size, and the defensive posture was more effective at deflecting avian attacks compared to mammal predation. We conclude that defensive posture increases tail conspicuousness without increasing predation risk, and primarily functions to deflect attacks away from vital body parts. The efficacy of defection may be further increased by tail undulation, however our use of static models means that we cannot exclude aposematic or deimatic functions for such movements. Our results provide important support for the deflection hypothesis in explaining antipredator behavior, and thereby set the stage for additional research targeting the functionality of attack deflection in natural predator-prey encounters.
Data from: The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants
Background Army ants are dominant invertebrate predators in tropical and subtropical terrestrial ecosystems. Their close relatives within the dorylomorph group of ants are also highly specialized predators, although much less is known about their biology. We analyzed molecular data generated from 11 nuclear genes to infer a phylogeny for the major dorylomorph lineages, and incorporated fossil evidence to infer divergence times under a relaxed molecular clock. Results Because our results indicate that one subfamily and several genera of dorylomorphs are non-monophyletic, we propose to subsume the six previous dorylomorph subfamilies into a single subfamily, Dorylinae. We find the monophyly of Dorylinae to be strongly supported and estimate the crown age of the group at 87 (74–101) million years. Our phylogenetic analyses provide only weak support for army ant monophyly and also call into question a previous hypothesis that army ants underwent a fundamental split into New World and Old World lineages. Outside the army ants, our phylogeny reveals for the first time many old, distinct lineages in the Dorylinae. The genus Cerapachys is shown to be non-monophyletic and comprised of multiple lineages scattered across the Dorylinae tree. We recover, with strong support, novel relationships among these Cerapachys-like clades and other doryline genera, but divergences in the deepest parts of the tree are not well resolved. We find the genus Sphinctomyrmex, characterized by distinctive abdominal constrictions, to consist of two separate lineages with convergent morphologies, one inhabiting the Old World and the other the New World tropics. Conclusions While we obtain good resolution in many parts of the Dorylinae phylogeny, relationships deep in the tree remain unresolved, with major lineages joining each other in various ways depending upon the analytical method employed, but always with short internodes. This may be indicative of rapid radiation in the early history of the Dorylinae, but additional molecular data and more complete species sampling are needed for confirmation. Our phylogeny now provides a basic framework for comparative biological analyses, but much additional study on the behavior and morphology of doryline species is needed, especially investigations directed at the non-army ant taxa.
Fig. 1. a in Predatory Hypogaeic Beetles are Attracted to Buried Winter Moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Pupae: Evidence Using a New Trap Design
Fig. 1. a) Exclusion cage and b) hypogaeic trap.
Figure 7 in Some new species records of the predatory mite family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from The Netherlands
Figure 7. Proprioseiopsis cf. umidus Karg (Female): (A) Idiosoma, dorsal view; (B) Idiosoma, ventral view; (C) Spermatheca; (D) Leg IV.
Fig. 3 in Efficiency Against The Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus Urticae And Prey-Age-Related Choice Of Three Predatory Mites
Fig. 3. Number of juvenile spider mites surviving in the presence of predatory mites at different predator densities. Light grey boxes represent treatments with low predator densities, dark grey boxes represent treatments with high predator densities. Boxes show the median and the 25–75 percentiles; dashed lines indicate the range
Fig. 2 in Efficiency Against The Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus Urticae And Prey-Age-Related Choice Of Three Predatory Mites
Fig. 2. Number of spider mite eggs surviving in the presence of predatory mites at different predator densities. Light grey boxes represent treatments with low predator densities, dark grey boxes represent treatments with high predator densities. Boxes show the median and the 25–75 percentiles; dashed lines indicate the range
Data from: Predator size affects the intensity of mutual interference in a predatory mirid
<p><span>Interference competition occurs when access to an available resource is negatively affected by interactions with other individuals, where mutual interference involves individuals of the same species. </span>The interactive phenomena among individuals may be size-dependent, since body size is a major factor that may alter prey consumption rates and ultimately the dynamics and structure of food webs. <span>A study was initiated in order to evaluate the effect of mutual interference in </span>the prey-specific attack rates and handling times of <span>same size class predators, </span>incorporating variation in consumer size.<span> For this purpose</span><span>, laboratory functional response experiments were conducted using same age predators, i.e. newly hatched (first instar) or mature (fifth instar) nymphs of the polyphagous mirid predator </span><i><span>Macrolophus pygmaeus</span></i><span> preying on </span><i><span>Ephestia kuehniella</span></i><span> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. The experiments involved four predator density treatments, i.e. one, two, three or four predators of same age, i.e. either first or fifth instar nymphs, which were exposed to several prey densities. The Crowley-Martin model, which allows for interference competition between foraging predators, was used to fit the data. The results showed that </span>mutual interference between <span>predator's nymphs </span>may occur that <span>affect their </span>foraging efficiency. <span>The values of the attack rate coefficient</span> <span>were dependent on the predator density and for the first instar nymphs was significantly lower at the highest predator density than the lower predator densities, whereas for the fifth instar nymphs in all density treatments was significantly lower to that of the individual foragers' ones. These results indicate that mutual interference is more intense for larger predators and is more obvious at low prey densities where the competition level is higher. The wider use of predator-dependent functional response models will help towards a mechanistic understanding of intraspecific interactions and its consequences on the stability and structure of food webs. </span></p>
Spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity and endemism in the Western Ghats, India: a case study using ancient predatory arthropods
<p><span><span><span>The Western Ghats (WG) mountain chain in peninsular India is a global biodiversity hotspot, one in which patterns of phylogenetic diversity and endemism remain to be documented across taxa. We used a well-characterized community of ancient soil predatory arthropods from the WG to understand diversity gradients, identify hotspots of endemism and conservation importance, and highlight poorly-studied areas with unique biodiversity. We compiled an occurrence dataset for 19 species of scolopendrid centipedes, which was used to predict areas of habitat suitability using bioclimatic and geomorphological variables in Maxent. We used predicted distributions and a time-calibrated species phylogeny to calculate taxonomic and phylogenetic indices of diversity, endemism and turnover. We observed a decreasing latitudinal gradient in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the WG, which supports expectations from the latitudinal diversity gradient. The southern WG had the highest phylogenetic diversity and endemism, and was represented by lineages with long branch lengths as observed from relative phylogenetic diversity/endemism. These results indicate the persistence of lineages over evolutionary time in the southern WG and are consistent with predictions from the southern WG refuge hypothesis. The northern WG, despite having low phylogenetic diversity, had high values of phylogenetic endemism represented by distinct lineages as inferred from relative phylogenetic endemism. The distinct endemic lineages in this sub-region might be adapted to life in lateritic plateaus characterized by poor soil conditions and high seasonality. Sites across an important biogeographic break, the Palghat Gap, broadly grouped separately in comparisons of species turnover along the WG. The southern WG and Nilgiris, adjoining the Palghat Gap, harbour unique centipede communities, where the causal role of climate or dispersal barriers in shaping diversity remains to be investigated. Our results highlight the need to use phylogeny and distribution data while assessing diversity and endemism patterns in the WG.</span></span></span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: DeRoy EM, Crookes S, Matheson K, Scott R, McKenzie CH, Alexander ME, Dick JTA, MacIsaac HJ (2022) Predatory ability and abundance forecast the ecological impacts of two aquatic invasive species. NeoBiota 71: 91-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.71.75711
Table S1
Dataset for Predatory publishing practices in the shadow of open access models [diploma thesis]
<p>Dataset contains: </p> <ul> <li>a list of predatory journals with ISSNs/eISSNs based upon existing blacklists</li> <li>exports of OA publications from the systems OBD (Charles University personal bibliography database) and RIV (Register of information about research results of the Czech Republic) </li> <li>an analysis based on the data above</li> <li>answers gathered using a quantitative questionnaire on the title topic</li> </ul>
Dataset: Local management and landscape composition affect predatory mites in European wine-growing regions
<p>Data repository of the raw data for the data analysis of the article: "Local management and landscape composition affect predatory mites in European wine-growing regions" published in Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume 344, 1 March 2023, 108292.</p>
Fig. 2 in Population dynamics and predatory impact of the alien jellyfish Aurelia solida (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in the Bizerte Lagoon (southwestern Mediterranean Sea) Abstract
Fig. 2: Seasonal variation of (A) abiotic factors (temperature and salinity), (B) zooplankton abundance and chlorophyll biomass, and (C) zooplankton composition in Bizerte Lagoon between November 2012 and August 2014.
Figure 4 Age-specific predation rate k in Quality control of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) againstTetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) over 30 generations of rearing on cattail pollen
Figure 4 Age-specific predation rate k (x), age-specific net predation rate q (x) and cumulative predation rate (Cx) of Euseius scutalis fedTetranychus turkestani before (G0) and after (G10 –G30) long-term rearing on cattail pollen.
FIGURE 5 in Linking burrow morphology to the behaviors of predatory soil arthropods: Applications to continental ichnofossils
FIGURE 5. Burrow-associated activities and behaviors observed among the studied arthropod predators. A) Hysterocrates gigas (at arrow) dwelling within a shallow burrow with an enlarged terminal chamber. B) Two specimens of Pandinus imperator dwelling within a burrow complex. C) Scolopendra polymorpha moving through a burrow complex. D) Scolopendra polymorpha engaged in ambush predation positioned just below the burrow opening. E) Hysterocrates gigas engaged in ambush predation braced within the vertical shaft below the burrow opening. F) Aphonopelma chalcodes (at arrow) waiting within its burrow for prey to enter the tunnel. G) Pandinus imperator (at arrow) waiting within its burrow for prey.
FIGURE 19 in Two new genera of predatory katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from the Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 19. Geographical records of Arboraptor gen. nov. and Tyrannoraptor gen. nov.
FIGURE 17. Tyrannoraptor arboreus comb. nov., live immatures. A in Two new genera of predatory katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from the Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 17. Tyrannoraptor arboreus comb. nov., live immatures. A: male; B: female.
FIGURE 8 in Two new genera of predatory katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) from the Amazon rainforest
FIGURE 8. Arboraptor viridis sp. nov., live immatures. A: male; B: female.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.