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Fig. 6 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 6. Lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality (A), and Eganovo locality (B). A. MSU 113/1, fully preserved body chamber. Bright scars and lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. Posterior parts of the scars visible near the last septum. B. MSU 113/7, complete body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. It is clearly visible that lateral sinuses are located at a distance from the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, B 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, B 2).

Fig. 3 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 3. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A, B) and Kachpurites subfulgens (Nikitin, 1881) (C) and shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone). A. MSU 113/5, Eganovo locality, Moscow region, shell with scars on both sides, specimen in lateral view. The shell is preserved without a phragmocone and an aperture. B. MSU 113/14, Mnevniki locality, Moscow, body chamber in lateral (B 1, B2) and ventral (B 3, B4) views. C. MSU 113/4, Kuntsevo locality, Moscow, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and an aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, A 3, B1, B3, C 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, A 4, B2, B4, C 2).

Fig. 14 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 14. Reconstruction of two Late Volgian ammonites from Craspeditidae family, Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A), Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (B). Ten arms are shown because Nautilus and representatives of Coleoidea exhibit five arm pairs in embryos, it can be a base number of arms in Cephalopoda (Kröger et al. 2011). Two long tentacles are very speculative. However, such tentacles for external-shelled cephalopods could be very useful for catching pray which is at a distance; since rapid jumping forward could be difficult for these mollusks. The large hyponome was shown because of the presence of a funnel-locking apparatus and hyponomic retractors, and also due to the shape of aperture edges with lateral apertural sinuses and the presence of a large round opening between lappets in some ammonites (Westermann 1990: fig. 2). The eyes were drawn similar to coleoid eyes because Ammonoidea and Coleoidea were sister taxons (Jacobs and Landman 1993). The dark transverse bands on the shells correspond to the most common ammonites' color pattern (Keupp 2000). The presence of such a color pattern in the Craspeditidae family is confirmed by findings of shells with transverse dark bands (AAM unpublished material). This picture, drawn by Andrey Atuchin, was based on the sketch of the author of this article.

Fig. 13. A in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 13. A. Schematic reconstruction of the ammonite muscular system, lateral view. The mantle and organs in the body chamber are not shown. The size and shape of the arms and tentacles are highly speculative and drawn schematically. Arrow marks position of the schematic cross-section in B. B. Schematic cross-section of ammonite soft body. The cross-section is located in the first third of the body chamber starting from the aperture (arrow in A), only muscles-retractors are shown.

Fig. 12 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 12. Dorsal and ventral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (A, C) and Mnevniki locality (B, E). A. MSU 113/37, dorsal scar, apical parts of scars are merged with an annular elevation (black line near the last septum). B. MSU 113/40, dorsal (B 1) and ventral (B 2) scars. C. MSU 113/38, dorsal scar with preserved growth lines (C 1), ventral scar (C 2). D. MSU 113/41, ventral attachment scar.

Fig. 10 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 10. Lateral attachment scars and anterior lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, E) and Mnevniki locality (B–D, F). A. MSU 113/20, shell with preserved scar and lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/12, scars and lateral sinuses on the fragment of the body chamber. C. MSU 113/6, fully preserved body chamber with a scar and frequently located lateral sinuses. D. MSU 113/39, central part of the body chamber with a scar and bright lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/47, fragment of the body chamber with a scar and clearly visible lateral sinuses. F. MSU 113/15, a part of the body chamber with a front end of a scar and clearly visible frequently located anterior lateral sinus lines. Sinuses are absent near the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1–F1) and explanatory drawings (A 2–F2).

Fig. 9 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 9. Posterior borders of the lateral attachment scars on the Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A–D) and Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (E) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens and Craspedites subditus zones, respectively), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A–D), Kuntsevo locality (E). A. MSU 113/29, apical part of body chamber with a series of posterior borders of scars very similar to the lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/32, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. C. MSU 113/33, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. D. MSU 113/8, part of body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. Scar has a series of clearly visible sinus-like posterior borders. The specimen is preserved without aperture. E. MSU 113/43, apical part of the body chamber, posterior border of a scar is visible on one side of this specimen at a distance from the last septum. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1 –E 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –E 2).

Fig. 2 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 2. Schemes of Kachpurites and Garniericeras muscle attachment scars. A, B. Kachpurites fulgens; lateral attachment scars with enclosed apical part (A, see also Fig. 10A) and without an apical border (B, see also Fig. 6B). C. Kachpurites cheremkhensis; lateral sinus and lateral attachment scars (see also Fig. 5A). D. Kachpurites subfulgens; lateral attachment scars and partially-preserved lateral sinuses (see also Fig. 3A). E. Garniericeras catenulatum with lateral (shifted to ventral side) attachment scars (see also Fig. 7B). F. United idealized scheme of the Kachpurites fulgens mantle attachment system. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber.

Fig. 22. A in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 22. A. Reconstruction in a quadrupedal gait of the skeleton of hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003, from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). B. Preserved bones in holotype AEHM 2/845 (gray). C. Preserved bones in AEHM 2/846.

Fig. 21 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 21. Left tibia, fibula, astragalus, and calcaneum of hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia), in cranial (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 18 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 18. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/495, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Right scapula, in lateral view. B. Left scapula, in medial view. C. Right coracoid, in lateral view. D. Sternals, in ventral view.

Fig. 17 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 17. Caudal vertebrae of hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Caudal vertebrae 2–6, in left lateral view. B. Caudal vertebrae 18–23, in left lateral view. C. Caudal vertebra 12, in cranial view. D. Supplementary articulation (indicated by an arrow) between the neural arches of caudal vertebrae 20–21. E. Caudal vertebrae 66–70, in left lateral view. Abbreviation: cd, caudal vertebra.

Fig. 16 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 16. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003, from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Sacral block and left ilium of AEHM 2/845 (holotype), in lateral view. B. Sacrum, caudal part of the dorsal vertebrae and right ilium of AEHM 2/846, in lateral view. C. Left ischium of AEHM 2/845 (holotype), in medial view.

Fig. 14 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 14. Cervical vertebrae of hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Cervical vertebrae 9–10, in right lateral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Cervical vertebrae 17–18, in left lateral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. Abbreviation: cv, cervical vertebra.

Fig. 15 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 15. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Cranial dorsal vertebra, in cranial (A1) and right lateral (A2) views. B. Caudal dorsal vertebra, in cranial (B1) and left lateral (B2) views. C. Reconstruction of the articulated dorsal series, sacrum, and right pelvic girdle in right lateral view.

Fig. 12 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 12. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Left proatlas, in dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. Atlas, in cranial (B1) and dorsal (B2) views.

Fig. 20 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 20. Left femur of hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia), in cranial (A), medial (B), caudal (C), and lateral (D) views.

Fig. 23 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 23. Most parsimonious tree recovered from the phylogenetic analysis of Lambeosaurinae. Tree length = 175 steps, consitency index (CI) = 0.76; retention index (RI) = 0.83. Character list modified from Evans and Reisz (2007), see Appendix 2 for a list of modified and supplementary characters, Appendix 3 for the data matrix, and Appendix 4 for the tree description.

Fig. 9 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 9. Predentary of hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia), in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Photographs (A1, B1), explanatory drawings (A2, B2).

Fig. 8 in Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Fig. 8. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Olorotitan arharensis Godefroit, Bolotsky, and Alifanov, 2003 (AEHM 2/845, holotype), from the Upper Cretaceous of Kundur (Russia). A. Right premaxilla and rostral portion of right nasal, in lateral view. Photograph (A1), explanatory drawing (A2). B. Caudoventral portion of right nasal, in lateral view.