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text-fig. 60. Consensus of recent phylogenetic analyses. All recent analyses agree that Theropoda is a monophylum, and within Theropoda, a monophyletic clade etanurae exists. There is further agreement that Tetanurae includes a monophyletic Coelurosauria and that Aves is part of the latter clade. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 60. Consensus of recent phylogenetic analyses. All recent analyses agree that Theropoda is a monophylum, and within Theropoda, a monophyletic clade etanurae exists. There is further agreement that Tetanurae includes a monophyletic Coelurosauria and that Aves is part of the latter clade.
text fig. 35. Deinonychus antirrhopus. a in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text fig. 35. Deinonychus antirrhopus. a, semifunate carpal; proximal view (stereophotographs); YPM 5208. B, left metacarpals (YPM 5206) and semilunate carpal (YPM 5208), dorsal (plantar) view. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 50. Theropod metatarsals, illustrating several tarsal characters, a, Allosaurus sp.; DNM 116; left metatarsals II-IV, anterior view. B, Troödon formosus; MOR 748; right metatarsals II-IV, anterior view, c, Albertosaurus sarcophagus; ROM 807; left metatarsal V; lateral view, proximal is to the right. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 10 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 50. Theropod metatarsals, illustrating several tarsal characters, a, Allosaurus sp.; DNM 116; left metatarsals II-IV, anterior view. B, Troödon formosus; MOR 748; right metatarsals II-IV, anterior view, c, Albertosaurus sarcophagus; ROM 807; left metatarsal V; lateral view, proximal is to the right. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 10 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 31. Mid-caudal chevrons, illustrating states for characters 128 and 130. a, Majungatholus atopus-, based on FMNH/UA 96313. B, Allosaurus fragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 31. Mid-caudal chevrons, illustrating states for characters 128 and 130. a, Majungatholus atopus-, based on FMNH/UA 96313. B, Allosaurus fragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 30. Undetermined ornithomimosaur; mid-caudal vertebral column; Judith River Formation, southern Alberta; TMP unnumbered. Scale bar represents 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 30. Undetermined ornithomimosaur; mid-caudal vertebral column; Judith River Formation, southern Alberta; TMP unnumbered. Scale bar represents 50 mm.
text-fig. 42. Left femora of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating several hindlimb characters, a, Liliensternus liliensterni; lateral view; based on MB R. 2175. B, Ceratosaurus sp.; lateral view; based on UMNH VP 5278. C-D, Allosaurus fragilis; anterior and lateral view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). e, Velociraptor mongoliensis; lateral view; based on IGM 100/986. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; It, lesser trochanter; mf, medial flange; pit, posterolateral trochanter; tc, trochanteric crest; 4th, fourth trochanter. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-d), and 10 mm (e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 42. Left femora of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating several hindlimb characters, a, Liliensternus liliensterni; lateral view; based on MB R. 2175. B, Ceratosaurus sp.; lateral view; based on UMNH VP 5278. C-D, Allosaurus fragilis; anterior and lateral view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). e, Velociraptor mongoliensis; lateral view; based on IGM 100/986. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; It, lesser trochanter; mf, medial flange; pit, posterolateral trochanter; tc, trochanteric crest; 4th, fourth trochanter. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-d), and 10 mm (e).
text-fig. 44. Theropod tibiae, showing states for several hindlimb characters, a, Majungatholus atopus; proximal half of left tibia, lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 95263. B-c, Allosaurusfragilis; left tibia. B, lateral view, c, distal half in anterior view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge on the distal end of the tibia; as, facet for the ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; fa, articulation for femur; fc, fibular condyle; fr, lateral ridge for the attachment of fìbula. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 44. Theropod tibiae, showing states for several hindlimb characters, a, Majungatholus atopus; proximal half of left tibia, lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 95263. B-c, Allosaurusfragilis; left tibia. B, lateral view, c, distal half in anterior view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge on the distal end of the tibia; as, facet for the ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; fa, articulation for femur; fc, fibular condyle; fr, lateral ridge for the attachment of fìbula. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 33. Pectoral girdles of a basal sauropodomorph and two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several pectoral characters, a, basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp.; based on SMNS F 65. b, Allosaurus fragilis; based on MOR 693. c, Saurornitholestes langstonr, based on TMP 88.121.39. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 32, and: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid facet. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 33. Pectoral girdles of a basal sauropodomorph and two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several pectoral characters, a, basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp.; based on SMNS F 65. b, Allosaurus fragilis; based on MOR 693. c, Saurornitholestes langstonr, based on TMP 88.121.39. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 32, and: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid facet. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c).
text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 47. Stereophotographs of theropod fibulae in medial view, illustrating different character states of character 210. A, Dilophosaurus wetherilli; left fibula; UCMP V 4214. b, Struthiomimus altus; right fibula; AMNH 5355. Scale bars represents 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 47. Stereophotographs of theropod fibulae in medial view, illustrating different character states of character 210. A, Dilophosaurus wetherilli; left fibula; UCMP V 4214. b, Struthiomimus altus; right fibula; AMNH 5355. Scale bars represents 10 mm.
text-fig. 29. Anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae of several theropods, illustrating character states of several axial characters, a-b, Allosaurus fragilisa fourth and nineteenth caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on Madsen (1976). c, Majungatholus atopus; mid-caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 96313. d-e, Deinonychus antirrhopus; anterior caudal vertebra (?fifth), anterior and left lateral view; based on YPM 5210 and Ostrom (1969b). Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-c) and 10 mm (d-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 29. Anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae of several theropods, illustrating character states of several axial characters, a-b, Allosaurus fragilisa fourth and nineteenth caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on Madsen (1976). c, Majungatholus atopus; mid-caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 96313. d-e, Deinonychus antirrhopus; anterior caudal vertebra (?fifth), anterior and left lateral view; based on YPM 5210 and Ostrom (1969b). Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-c) and 10 mm (d-e).
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 28. Sacra of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating different states for character 116. a, sacrum and ilium of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis in lateral view; the shaded area indicates the attachment area of the very massive sacral ribs on the medial side of the ilium; modified from Novas (1993). B, sacrum and ilia of Syntarsus rhodesiensis in dorsal view, showing the almost continuous sheet of bone formed by the sacral ribs between the sacrum and the iliac blades; based on Raath (1990) and QG1. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; il, ilium; ns: neural spine; SI, S2, sacral vertebrae; sac, supraacetabular crest; sr, sacral ribs; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 28. Sacra of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating different states for character 116. a, sacrum and ilium of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis in lateral view; the shaded area indicates the attachment area of the very massive sacral ribs on the medial side of the ilium; modified from Novas (1993). B, sacrum and ilia of Syntarsus rhodesiensis in dorsal view, showing the almost continuous sheet of bone formed by the sacral ribs between the sacrum and the iliac blades; based on Raath (1990) and QG1. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; il, ilium; ns: neural spine; SI, S2, sacral vertebrae; sac, supraacetabular crest; sr, sacral ribs; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 32. Furculae of theropod dinosaurs. A, Allosaurus fragilis; UMNH VP 7408; anterior view. B, Segisaurus halli; UCMP V 338; pectoral girdle as preserved in lateral view. Abbreviations: co, coracoid; fu, furcula; sc, scapula. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 32. Furculae of theropod dinosaurs. A, Allosaurus fragilis; UMNH VP 7408; anterior view. B, Segisaurus halli; UCMP V 338; pectoral girdle as preserved in lateral view. Abbreviations: co, coracoid; fu, furcula; sc, scapula. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 59. Consensus cladogram of theropod relationships, showing relationships between several theropod taxa common to all recent cladistic analyses. Possible phylogenetic positions of several important problematic taxa are also indicated. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 59. Consensus cladogram of theropod relationships, showing relationships between several theropod taxa common to all recent cladistic analyses. Possible phylogenetic positions of several important problematic taxa are also indicated.
text-fig. 25. Axes of two theropods, illustrating several axial characters, a-b, Dilophosaurus wetherilli-, left lateral and posterior view; based on UCMP V 4214. c-D, Deinonychus antirrhopus-, left lateral and posterior view; based on YPM 5204. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 24, and: at, atlantal intercentrum; ic, axial intercentrum; nc, neural canal; od, odontoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 25. Axes of two theropods, illustrating several axial characters, a-b, Dilophosaurus wetherilli-, left lateral and posterior view; based on UCMP V 4214. c-D, Deinonychus antirrhopus-, left lateral and posterior view; based on YPM 5204. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 24, and: at, atlantal intercentrum; ic, axial intercentrum; nc, neural canal; od, odontoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 58. Diagrams showing how character distribution in a cladogram indicates gaps in the fossil record, a, arrangement of three taxa in a cladogram; synapomorphies a-f support the monophyly of the clade (B-C). B, if gradual acquisition of characters is assumed, several taxa must be missing in the phylogeny between taxon A and clade (B-C). The number of taxa missing is positively (though not necessarily linearly) correlated with the number of synapomorphies that diagnose any given node. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 58. Diagrams showing how character distribution in a cladogram indicates gaps in the fossil record, a, arrangement of three taxa in a cladogram; synapomorphies a-f support the monophyly of the clade (B-C). B, if gradual acquisition of characters is assumed, several taxa must be missing in the phylogeny between taxon A and clade (B-C). The number of taxa missing is positively (though not necessarily linearly) correlated with the number of synapomorphies that diagnose any given node.
text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 26. Anterior dorsal vertebrae of two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several vertebral characters, a, Lilienstemus lilienstemifMB R. 2175. B, Troödon formosus', TMP 94.12.438. Abbreviations as in ext-fig. 24, and: hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 26. Anterior dorsal vertebrae of two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several vertebral characters, a, Lilienstemus lilienstemifMB R. 2175. B, Troödon formosus', TMP 94.12.438. Abbreviations as in ext-fig. 24, and: hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
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