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opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Phosphorus availability and leaching losses in annual and perennial cropping systems in an upper US Midwest landscape

Excessive phosphorus (P) applications to croplands can contribute to eutrophication of surface waters through surface runoff and subsurface (leaching) losses. We analyzed leaching losses of total dissolved P (TDP) from no-till corn, hybrid poplar (Populus nigra X P. maximowiczii), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus), native grasses, and restored prairie, all planted in 2008 on former cropland in Michigan, USA. All crops except corn (13 kg P ha−1 year−1) were grown without P fertilization. Biomass was harvested at the end of each growing season except for poplar. Soil water at 1.2 m depth was sampled weekly to biweekly for TDP determination during March–November 2009–2016 using tension lysimeters. Soil test P (0–25 cm depth) was measured every autumn. Soil water TDP concentrations were usually below levels where eutrophication of surface waters is frequently observed (> 0.02 mg L−1) but often higher than in deep groundwater or nearby streams and lakes. Rates of P leaching, estimated from measured concentrations and modeled drainage, did not differ statistically among cropping systems across years; 7-year cropping system means ranged from 0.035 to 0.072 kg P ha−1 year−1 with large interannual variation. Leached P was positively related to STP, which decreased over the 7 years in all systems. These results indicate that both P-fertilized and unfertilized cropping systems may leach legacy P from past cropland management.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Cryptophytes: a keystone algal group in the rapidly changing Antarctic Peninsula marine environments - data availability

This dataset contains the results of relative and absolute contributions of cryptophytes derived from the HPLC/CHEMTAX analysis. The data were collected during the late summer (February) between 2008-2018 along the Northern Antarctic Peninsula. The index of photoprotective carotenoid pigments to chlorophyll-a (PPC: Chl-a) used in the study is also presented.

FIGURE 5 in The genus Neotrichia Morton 1905 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Pará state Northern Brazil: New species and an unpublished species made available

FIGURE 5. Neotrichia pavula sp. nov., male genitalia. 5A, left lateral; 5B, ventral; 5C, dorsal; 5D, phallus, left lateral. Abbreviations: ap = apicolateral projection (paired), ed = ejaculatory duct, ia = inferior appendage (paired), plm = posterolateral margin (paired), pr = paramere, sg = subgenital plate, vlp = ventrolateral sickle-like process (paired).

FIGURE 4 in The genus Neotrichia Morton 1905 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Pará state Northern Brazil: New species and an unpublished species made available

FIGURE 4. Neotrichia paidegua sp. nov., male genitalia. 4A, left lateral; 4B, ventral; 4C, dorsal; 4D, phallus, left lateral. Abbreviations: br = bracteole (paired), dsl = dorsal setal lobe (paired), ed = ejaculatory duct, ia = inferior appendage (paired), pr = paramere, sg = subgenital plate.

FIGURE 3 in The genus Neotrichia Morton 1905 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Pará state Northern Brazil: New species and an unpublished species made available

FIGURE 3. Neotrichia jamevu sp. nov., male genitalia. 3A, left lateral; 3B, ventral; 3C, dorsal; 3D, phallus, dorsal. Abbreviations: ap = apicolateral projection (paired), br = bracteole (paired), dsl = dorsal setal lobe (paired), ed = ejaculatory duct, ia = inferior appendage (paired), pr = paramere, sg = subgenital plate.

FIGURE 1 in The genus Neotrichia Morton 1905 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Pará state Northern Brazil: New species and an unpublished species made available

FIGURE 1. Map of northern Brazil showing the collection points in the Andorinhas Mountain Range (red circle) and Carajás Mountain Range (red square) in Pará State.

FIGURE 2 in The genus Neotrichia Morton 1905 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Pará state Northern Brazil: New species and an unpublished species made available

FIGURE 2. Neotrichia dirrocha sp. nov., male genitalia. 2A, left lateral; 2B, ventral; 2C, dorsal; 2D, phallus, left lateral. Abbreviations: dsl = dorsal setal lobe (paired), ed = ejaculatory duct, ia = inferior appendage (paired), pa = phallus apex, pr = paramere, sg = subgenital plate, srp = sclerotized rounded process, stp = sclerotized truncate process (paired).

FIGURE 6 in The genus Neotrichia Morton 1905 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Pará state Northern Brazil: New species and an unpublished species made available

FIGURE 6. Neotrichia flinti Keth sp. nov., male genitalia, specimen from Brazil (Pará State). 6A, left lateral; 6B, ventral; 6C, dorsal; 6D, phallus, left lateral. Abbreviations: br = bracteole (paired), ed = ejaculatory duct, ia = inferior appendage (paired), pr = paramere, sg = subgenital plate.

opennotspecifiedApr 2008View details →

Appendix. The status of global taxonomic checklist preparation for flowering plant families (based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II but modified to reflect circumscriptions of existing checklists). If a checklist is complete and available on the Internet then the URL is also given. The species numbers (sp. no.) given are either based on actual working lists (WL) where they exist or are based on Stevens (2006) if no WL is available. Five categories are used to describe the status of a particular working list: 1, checklist complete and accessible via the Internet now; 2, checklist available on Internet by end of 2007 (Asteraceae 2010); 3, checklist complete but not online; 4, some online lists giving partial coverage may be available; 5, no global checklist being compiled so far as known. in Towards Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: A working list of all known plant species - Progress and prospects

Appendix. The status of global taxonomic checklist preparation for flowering plant families (based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II but modified to reflect circumscriptions of existing checklists). If a checklist is complete and available on the Internet then the URL is also given. The species numbers (sp. no.) given are either based on actual working lists (WL) where they exist or are based on Stevens (2006) if no WL is available. Five categories are used to describe the status of a particular working list: 1, checklist complete and accessible via the Internet now; 2, checklist available on Internet by end of 2007 (Asteraceae 2010); 3, checklist complete but not online; 4, some online lists giving partial coverage may be available; 5, no global checklist being compiled so far as known.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Influence of beaver mimicry restoration on habitat availability for fishes, including Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus)

Beaver-dam-mimicry is an emergent conservation practice. We evaluated the influence of constructed riffles, a unique type of beaver mimicry aimed to store water and allow fish passage, on habitat for fishes in one control reach and one manipulated reach with mimicry structures added. The beaver mimicry reach had deeper pool habitats and deeper and wider riffle habitats compared to an unmanipulated control reach. Dissolved oxygen was similar among reaches, averaging 8.7 ± 0.2 and 8.9 mg/L in the beaver mimicry and control reaches, respectively. Sediment size was also similar among reaches, with a D50 of 8.1 and 10.6 mm in the beaver mimicry and control reaches, respectively. The beaver mimicry reach had little to no overhanging bank vegetation or riparian vegetation shade cover, while the control had 38% of its bank covered by canopy and 56% overhung by vegetation. These riparian characteristics result from a legacy of livestock grazing and lack of consistent vegetation planting during restoration. Longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) and white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) dominated in the beaver mimicry reach, together comprising 70% of the fish assemblage post-structure installation. Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) were not found in the beaver mimicry reach but were present in the control, albeit in small numbers of only 3% of the assemblage post-structure installation. These results highlight the need to consider both in-stream and riparian habitat features for fishes, as well as timescales of both hydrological and ecological outcomes in restoration design.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Larval parasitism in a specialist herbivore is explained by phenological synchrony and host plant availability

Parasitism is a key factor in the population dynamics of many herbivorous insects, although its impact on host populations varies widely, for instance, along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Understanding the sources of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions is crucial for reliably predicting the future success of the interacting species under a context of global change. Here, we examine larval parasitism in the butterfly Aglais urticae in south-west Europe, where it is a mountain specialist. Larval nests were sampled over two years along altitudinal gradients in three Iberian mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, home to its southernmost European population. Additional data on nettle condition and adult butterflies were obtained in the study areas. These data sources were used to investigate whether or not differences in parasitism rates are related to the geographical position and phenology of the host, and to the availability of the host plants. Phenological differences in the host populations between regions were related to the severity of summer drought and the corresponding differences in host plant availability. At the trailing-edge of its distribution, the butterfly's breeding season was restricted to the end of winter and spring, while in its northern Iberian range the season was prolonged until mid-summer. Although parasitism was an important source of mortality in all regions, parasitism rates and parasitoid richness were highest in the north and lowest in the south. Moreover, within a region, there was a notable increase in parasitism rates over time, which probably led to selection against an additional late-summer host generation in northern regions. Conversely, the shorter breeding season in Sierra Nevada resulted in a loss of synchrony between the host and one important late-season parasitoid, Sturmia bella, which may partly explain the high density of this butterfly species at the trailing-edge of its range. Our results support the key role of host phenology in accounting for differences in parasitism rates between populations. They also provide insights into how climate through host plant availability affects host phenology and, ultimately, the impact of parasitism on host populations.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Data from: Nectar robbing rather than pollinator availability constrains reproduction of a bee-flowered plant at high elevations

The files contain data on the floral ecology of Clinopodium alpinum collected along an elevational gradient in the Berchtesgaden National Park in Germany in 2017. The data are presented in the work entitled "Nectar robbing rather than pollinator availability constrains reproduction of a bee-flowered plant at high elevations" by Patrick L. Kohl and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter. Files include data on flower visitor observations (including raw data on the number of visits by individual specifmens), data on seed/ovule ratios (both open pollinated and bagged flowers), data on the incidence of nectar robbing by bumble bees (the frequency of corolla perforations) and of flower herbivory by Eulophidae, and data on basic flowering traits of C. alpinum (number of flowers per inflorescence, corolla tube length, display size).

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Does stress mess with rodents' heads? Influence of habitat availability and genetic factors in mandible fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in South American water rats (Nectomys squamipes, Sigmodontinae) from Brazilian Atlantic rainforest remnants

Loss of developmental stability can lead to deviations from bilateral symmetry (i.e. Fluctuating Asymmetry -FA), and is thought to be caused by environmental and genetic factors associated with habitat loss and stress. Therefore, levels of FA might be a valuable tool to monitor wild populations if FA serves an indicator of exposure to stress due to impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation. In studies examining FA and habitat fragmentation, FA levels are often explained by loss of genetic variation, though few studies have addressed FA's use as indicator of environmental impact. Here we investigated whether habitat loss, genetic variation and/or inbreeding affect the developmental instability in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest populations of a Neotropical water rat (Nectomys squamipes). We sampled individuals from eight forest remnants with different amounts of available habitat and assessed FA levels with geometric morphometric techniques using adult mandibles. We used observed heterozygosity (Ho) and inbreeding coefficient (Fis), from seven microsatellite markers, as a proxy of genetic variation at individual and population levels. Populations were not significantly different for shape or size FA levels. Furthermore inter-individual variation in both shape and size FA levels, as well as inter-populational differences in size FA levels, were best explained by chance. However, habitat availability was negatively associated with both inter-populational variance and average shape FA levels. This association was stronger in populations living in areas with less than 20% of habitat available, which presented higher variance and higher average of FA, suggesting that Nectomys squamipes might have a tolerance threshold to small availability of habitat. Our work was one of the first to use FA to address environmental stress caused by reduced habitat availability in small mammal populations from a Neotropical biome. We suggest that shape FA might serve as a conservation tool to monitor human impact on natural animal populations.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Predicting methane emission in Canadian Holstein dairy cattle using milk mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and other commonly available predictors via artificial neural networks

Supplementary Tables - Version 2

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Data Availability Statement

The file named Coulped Fe-P-S cycling in crab burrows is the original data for the paper Xiao et al "Crab bioturbation drives coupled iron-phosphate-sulfide cycling in mangrove and saltmarsh porewater".

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Dynamic sensitivity to resource availability influences population responses to mismatches in a shorebird

Climate change has caused shifts in seasonally recurring biological events leading to the temporal decoupling of consumer-resource pairs – i.e., phenological mismatching. Although mismatches often affect individual fitness, they do not invariably scale up to affect populations, making it difficult to assess the risk they pose. Individual variation may contribute to this inconsistency, with changes in resource availability and consumer needs leading mismatches to have different outcomes over time. Nevertheless, most models estimate a consumer's match from a single timepoint, potentially obscuring when mismatches matter to populations. We analyzed how the effects of mismatches varied over time by studying precocial Hudsonian godwit (Limosa haemastica) chicks and their invertebrate prey from 2009 to 2019. We developed individual and population level models to determine how age-specific variation affect the relationship between godwits and resource availability. We found that periods with abundant resources led to higher growth and survival of godwit chicks, but also that chick survival was increasingly related to the availability of larger prey as chicks aged. At the population level, estimates of mismatches using age-structured consumer demand explained more variation in annual godwit fledging rates than more commonly used alternatives. Our study suggests that modeling the effects of mismatches as the disrupted interaction between dynamic consumer needs and resource availability clarifies when mismatches matter to both individuals and populations.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex

Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g., resource and water availability). Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. Volatile Organic Compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in Quercus ilex. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in Q. ilex trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (Q. ilex, Q. ilex + Betula Pendula, Q. ilex + Pinus pinaster and Q. ilex + B. pendula + P. pinaster) and water availability (irrigated vs control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. Q. ilex trees growing in stands with P. pinaster had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in Q. ilex. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro-environment rather than growth-defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Water availability rather than temperature control soil fauna community structure and prey-predator interactions

The ongoing climate change may strongly impact soil biodiversity with cascading effects on the processes they drive. Thus, it is of prime interest to improve our knowledge about responses by soil organisms such as collembolans to expected shifts in environmental conditions by considering communities comprising both detritivores and predators. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how simulated climate change and predation under laboratory conditions alter a collembolan community. To infer the impact of climate change, we applied a decreased level of soil moisture (60% vs. 30% soil water holding capacity) and an increasing air temperature (15 °C vs. 25 °C) to a collembolan community constituted by four species (Folsomia candida, Protaphorura fimata, Proisotoma minuta and Mesaphorura macrochaeta) exhibiting distinct functional traits, e.g. body size and furca presence, in presence or absence of a predatory gamasid Acari (Stratiolaelaps scimitus) during two months in a microcosm experiment. We observed that decreasing soil moisture altered the collembolan community with species-specific responses. Interaction between soil moisture, temperature and predation indicates that low soil moisture reduced total collembolan abundance especially i) by suppressing the positive effect of increasing temperature and ii) by increasing the predatory control on collembolan abundance. These results highlight that soil moisture is the major driver of Collembola community and by consequence, a shift in climatic parameters with the ongoing climate change should strongly modify the Collembola community structure and the predator-prey interaction. Our findings are highly important since a strengthening of predation impact on Collembola prey could have major consequences on the whole soil food web being able to lead to a slowdown of key ecosystem processes they drive (e.g., litter decomposition and nutrient recycling). Finally, our study promotes the need to study more complex systems considering distinct soil-dwelling species, their functional traits and their trophic interactions to better predict the ecosystem responses to the ongoing climate change.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data for: Evolutionary history limits species' ability to match color sensitivity to available habitat light

The spectrum of light that an animal sees – from ultraviolet to far red light – is governed by the number and wavelength sensitivity of a family of retinal proteins called opsins. It has been hypothesized that the spectrum of light available in an environment influences the range of colors that a species has evolved to see. However, invertebrates and vertebrates use phylogenetically distinct opsins in their retinae, and it remains unclear whether these distinct opsins influence what animals see, or how they adapt to their light environments. Systematically utilizing published visual sensitivity data from across animal phyla, we found that terrestrial animals are more sensitive to shorter and longer wavelengths of light than aquatic animals, and that invertebrates are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than vertebrates. Controlling for phylogeny removes the effects of habitat and lineage on visual sensitivity. Closed and open habitat terrestrial species have similar spectral sensitivities when comparing across the Metazoa, and deep water animals are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than shallow water animals. Our results suggest that animals do adapt to their light environment, however the invertebrate-vertebrate evolutionary divergence has limited the degree to which animals can perform visual tuning.