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FIG. 7 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 7. Phylogenetic relationships for species of eastern Plethodon and AneideS presented with selected courtship behaviors. MG Tap/Swipe Snout ¼ male mental-gland (MG) tap or swipe on the nasolabial region of the female's snout prior to the tail-straddling walk (TSW). See text for description of behaviors. Unshaded circle ¼ behavior not reported; dark shaded circle ¼ behavior reported; light shaded circle ¼ rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior reported;? ¼ behavior during TSW has not been observed; S ¼ similar behavior reported; C ¼ circular TSW in AneideS includes similar behavior. Phylogenetic relationship between AneideS and eastern Plethodon inferred from mitochondrial data (Mahoney, 2001). Phylogenetic relationships among eastern species of Plethodon inferred from both nuclear and mitochondrial data (Kozak et al., 2006; Fisher-Reid and Wiens, 2011). Data for behavior occurrence obtained from Sapp and Kiemnec-Tyburczy (2011) and the sources listed in Table 1.

FIG. 5 in Variation in Flatwoods Salamander Survival Is Unrelated to Temperature and Rainfall

FIG. 5. Size-dependent survival estimates for Reticulated Flatwoods Salamanders by year. Body size reflects snout–vent length (SVL) in mm. The shaded regions indicate the 95% credible intervals.

FIG. 3 in Variation in Flatwoods Salamander Survival Is Unrelated to Temperature and Rainfall

FIG. 3. Detection probability within each breading season as it relates to rainfall in the previous summer. Kendall's tau was used to determine the strength of the correlation between the variables (Kendall's t ¼ 0.57, P ¼ 0.03). No other correlations were found between environmental conditions and parameters of interest.

FIG. 6 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 6. Total duration (min) of some behaviors and periods during complete courtships in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions, but this figure only includes data from the first spermatophore deposition. A ¼ Courtship duration from initial close encounter between salamanders until the retrieval or attempted retrieval of the first spermatophore cap. B ¼ Total of all periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. D ¼ Total duration for female-first TSW, which includes both discontinuous and continuous forms of the duet behavior. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients: r ¼ 0.882, P, 0.001 for B and D; r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for B and F; r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for C and E; r ¼ 0.961, P, 0.00001 for D and F. See Table 2 for additional data on the duration of other behaviors and periods.

FIG. 4 in Variation in Flatwoods Salamander Survival Is Unrelated to Temperature and Rainfall

FIG. 4. Size-dependent survival estimates for Reticulated Flatwoods Salamanders averaged across years. Body size reflects snout–vent length (SVL) in mm. The shaded region indicates the 95% credible interval.

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FIG. 1 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 1. Southern Nantahala Mountain species of Desmognathus discussed in this report. (A, B) D. wrighti, adults. (C) D. aeneus, adult. (D, E) D. ocoee, small individuals, both within the size range of adult D. aeneus and D. wrighti.

FIG. 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge).

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FIG. 4 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 4. Least-squares regression of ln follicle number on ln standard length for southern Nantahala females of Desmognathus aeneus. The least-squares regression equation is ln fol ¼ –3.205 þ 1.754·ln SL (Bruce, 2014). LCL, UCL: lower, upper 95% confidence limits. LPL, UPL: lower, upper prediction limits.

FIG. 2 in Variation in Flatwoods Salamander Survival Is Unrelated to Temperature and Rainfall

FIG. 2. Body size distributions for males (M), females (F), and individuals of unknown sex (U). Sizes are snout–vent length (SVL) in millimeters. Points represent the raw data points; the center lines show mean, 75%, and 95% confidence intervals; and the shaded region is an approximate density. The average size of females was larger than males (t ¼ 13.4, df ¼ 247, P, 0.001) and individuals of unknown sex (t ¼ 13.4, df ¼ 320, P, 0.001), and the average size of males was larger than individuals of unknown sex (t ¼ 4.1, df ¼ 272, P, 0.001).

FIG. 1 in Variation in Flatwoods Salamander Survival Is Unrelated to Temperature and Rainfall

FIG. 1. Body size distributions for Reticulated Flatwoods Salamanders by year. Sizes are snout–vent length (SVL) in millimeters. Points represent the raw data points; the center lines show mean, 75%, and 95% confidence intervals; and the shaded region is an approximate density.

Table 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 1. Courtship behaviors of eastern North American woodland salamander species (eastern Plethodon). Species groups: PCG ¼ P. cinereuS group, PWG ¼ P. welleri group, and PGG ¼ P. glutinoSuS group. Species: ci ¼ P. cinereuS, ri ¼ P. richmondi, we ¼ P. welleri, an ¼ P. anguSticlaViuS, do ¼ P. dorSaliS, yo ¼ P. yonahloSSee, ke ¼ P. kentucki, pe ¼ P. petraeuS, ou ¼ P. ouachitae, ca ¼ P. caddoenSiS, Sh ¼ P. Shermani, cy ¼ P. cylindraceuS, and mo ¼ P. montanuS. MG ¼ mental gland, TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk, F ¼ female only behavior, M ¼ male only behavior, FM ¼ each sex exhibits behavior, and D ¼ duet behavior with both female and male actions. *Rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior. d Behavior may differ from similar behavior in other species.? ¼ occurrence of behavior is uncertain due to absent or limited observations. Blank cell (–) ¼ behavior not reported. See text and Appendix 1 for the description of each behavior.<table><tbody><tr><th>Groups</th><th>Groups and species of eastern Plethodon</th><th></th></tr><tr><th>Behaviors</th><th>PCG</th><th>PWG</th><th>PGG</th></tr><tr><th>ci</th><th>ri</th><th>we</th><th>an do</th><th>yo</th><th>ke</th><th>pe</th><th>ou</th><th>ca</th><th>Sh</th><th>cy</th><th>mo</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1. Nose-tap, 2. Stationary, 3. Move away</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td></tr><tr><th>4. Move toward, 5. Head contact, 6. Nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>7. Bite</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>8. Foot dance</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>9. Foot shuffle</th><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>10. Tail wagging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM FM</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>11. Rubbing/sliding, 12. Head rubbing</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>–</td><td>FM M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>13. Head swinging</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>14. Joint head swinging</th><td>–</td><td>D*</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>15. High amplitude head swinging</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>16. Cloacal nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>–</td><td>FM –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>17. Cloacal rubbing</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>? –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>18. MG sliding (head sliding)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>19. MG popping</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>20. MG tap or swipe on snout before 42</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>21. MG tap or swipe not on snout</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>22. Tail (or body*) flex in response to 18</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>23. Tail arch, 24. Undulate tail</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>25. High amplitude tail undulations</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>? –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>26. Snapping</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>27. Pulling</th><td>M</td><td>FM?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>28. Mouth grasping</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>29. Snout high</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>30. Chin-to-chin</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>D*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>31. Tail straddle for 32 or 33</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>32. Discontinuous, female-first TSW</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>33. Continuous, female-first TSW</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>D D*</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>34. Turn back during 18, 32, or 33</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F –</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>35. Circling</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>D –</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D d</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>36. Snout under (lifting, crossing under)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>37. Raise chin in response to 36 or before 38</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>38. Chin over</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F F</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>39. Position for TSW</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>40. Turn around after 39 or 53</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>41. Tail straddle to initiate 42</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>42. Tail-straddling walk</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>43. Turn back during 42</th><td>M*</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>M * –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>44. Raise head to receive 45</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>45. MG slapping on snout during 42</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>M* –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>46. Vent sliding at end of 42</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>47. Spermatophore deposition</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>48. Lateral head movements during 47</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>49. Lead female over spermatophore</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>50. Pass by spermatophore</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>F F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>51. Stop & lower vent, 52. Position on cap</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>53. Stationary with tail flexed</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>54. Eat spermatophore cap and/or base</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>Species reference number for source(s)</th><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4 5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>13</td></tr></tbody></table>Sources: 13 Organ, 1958; 12 Organ, 1960a; 3 Organ, 1960b; 13 MacMahon, 1964; 1,2,3,6,9,10,12,13 Arnold, 1972; 11,13 Arnold, 1976; 1 Gergits and Jaeger, 1990; 7 Marvin and Hutchison, 1996; 11 Houck and Arnold, 2003; 5 Picard, 2005; 1,2,4 Dyal, 2006; 11 Eddy et al., 2012; 6 Pierson et al., 2017; 7,8 current study

FIG. 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under.

FIGURE 6 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 6. Palaeogeographic scenario (Scenario B). (1) The Tyrrhenian basin in the Tortonian time (modified from OrszagSperber et al., 1993) with a land bridge connecting Sardinia with the peninsula. (2) Separation of the CalabroPeloritan massif (CPm) from Sardinia (modified from Duermeijer et al., 1998). Arrows hypothesize dispersal routes. See the text for comments.

FIGURE 5 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 5. Palaeogeographic scenario (Scenario A). The Italian Peninsula in the Pliocene (modified from Pinna, 1989). Black triangles: sampling sites of Salamandrina populations included in the PER clade. Black stars: sampling sites of Salamandrina populations included in the TER clade. See text for details and confront to the Fig. 1.

FIGURE 4 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 4. Haplotype network of Salamandrina terdigitata, reconstructed using parsimony probability as implemented in TCS. Each circle in the network corresponds to one observed haplotype. Size of circles is proportional to the number of individuals (in parentheses) carrying a given haplotype. The three letters codes of the populations are indicated; numbered codes in italic mean different individuals when more than one haplotype was found in a population.

FIGURE 3 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree for Salamandrina terdigitata samples plus outgroup, based on combined 12S, 16S and cytb. HKY85+ model (ln = 2864.386; shape parameter = 0.1203) was assumed. Numbers in boxes (from top to bottom) are bootstrap support values for ML (100 replicates), MP (1000 replicates) and NJ (1000 replicates) and posterior probability percentages in the Bayesian analysis (2 million generators). Specimens are identified by code of sampling locality (as in Tab.1) and by a progressive number.

FIGURE 1. A in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 1. A female specimen of Salamandrina terdigitata from Lepini Mountains (Latium, Central Italy).

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

dryad32/100

UCE phylogenomics, detection of a putative hybrid population, and one older mitogenomic node age of Batrachuperus salamanders

The prevalence of incomplete lineage sorting complicates the examination of hybridization and species-level paraphyly with gene trees of a small number of loci. In Asian mountain salamanders of the genus Batrachuperus, possible hybridization and species paraphyly had been identified by utilizing mitochondrial genealogy and fixed allozyme differences. Here we sampled 2909 UCEs in 44 local populations from all six Batrachuperus species, inferred gene and species trees, compared them with mitochondrial and allozyme results, and examined the potential hybridization and species paraphyly. The clustering pattern of single-locus trees, increased proportion of heterozygous SNPs, allele frequency-based migration edge estimation, and intrapopulation long branches (as expected from an increase of genetic lineage and nucleotide diversity) support that an eastern B. karlschmidti population has experienced admixture with B. tibetanus. On the 2909-UCE concatenated and species trees, lower nodal supports were observed when similar proportions of loci agreed with alternative topologies, i.e., a reciprocal monophyly between a Pengxian lineage and the remainder of B. pinchonii (0.379) or a paraphyly of the latter with respect to Pengxian (0.362). The UCE phylogenomics agreed with the relatively recent groupings in the allozyme dendrogram. Despite incomplete lineage sorting, the mitochondrial trees were similar to the UCE trees for deeper relationships of the genus. However, one significant branch-length level discordance was identified. The branch between the common ancestor of B. daochengensis and B. yenyuanensis and common ancestor of the genus was approximately three times shorter on the mitochondrial tree than on the UCE tree, suggesting that the split of the mitochondrial lineages was likely a few million years earlier than the split of species. This finding supports considering possible ancestral polymorphism when interpreting different divergence dates estimated from mitochondrial and genome-wide data.

opennotspecifiedMar 2007View details →

FIGURE 8–13. Cosmocerca acanthurum n in Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders

FIGURE 8–13. Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. 8) Anterior end, ventral view. (9) Anterior end, mouth with three small V-shaped lips. (10) Detail of posterior end of male, ventral view. (11) Detail of rosette-like papillae. (12) Tip of tail trifurcate, posterior end of female. (13) Cuticular spines at the middle-level of tail of female, bifurcated.