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Subspecies and Distribution. P.l.lateralisGould,1842—patchilyacrossSWesternAustralia,includingCapeRange,LittleSandyDesert,andthenearKellerberrininWheatbelt;alsoBarrowIandSalisburyI. P.l.hackettiThomas,1905—islandsofWilson,Mondrain,andWestall(RechercheArchipelago),WesternAustralia.Mayhaveoccurredhistoricallyalsoonadjacentmainland. P. l. pearson: Thomas, 1922 — North Pearson I, Investigator Group, South Australia. Introduced to South and Middle Pearson, Thistle, and Wedge Is, South Australia. A hitherto undescribed subspecies, the West Kimberley race, occurs (distributional limits uncertain) in Edgar, Grant, and Erskine Ranges and on Mt Wynne, Mt Anderson, and Mt Alexander, in S West Kimberley, Western Australia. A second undescribed subspecies, the MacDonnell Ranges race, is present in MacDonnell Ranges of C Australia, extending to E Western Australia and N South Australia. in Macropodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.l.lateralisGould,1842—patchilyacrossSWesternAustralia,includingCapeRange,LittleSandyDesert,andthenearKellerberrininWheatbelt;alsoBarrowIandSalisburyI. P.l.hackettiThomas,1905—islandsofWilson,Mondrain,andWestall(RechercheArchipelago),WesternAustralia.Mayhaveoccurredhistoricallyalsoonadjacentmainland. P. l. pearson: Thomas, 1922 — North Pearson I, Investigator Group, South Australia. Introduced to South and Middle Pearson, Thistle, and Wedge Is, South Australia. A hitherto undescribed subspecies, the West Kimberley race, occurs (distributional limits uncertain) in Edgar, Grant, and Erskine Ranges and on Mt Wynne, Mt Anderson, and Mt Alexander, in S West Kimberley, Western Australia. A second undescribed subspecies, the MacDonnell Ranges race, is present in MacDonnell Ranges of C Australia, extending to E Western Australia and N South Australia.

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Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. stigmatica Gould, 1860 — NE & C coastal Queensland from Cooktown to Proserpine, NE Australia. T. s. coxenii Gray, 1866 — Cape York Peninsula N of Coen, NE Queensland, Australia. T. s. oriomo Tate & Archbold, 1935 — Trans-Fly region of S Papua New Guinea. T. s. wilcoxi McCoy, 1866 — C & SE coastal Queensland S to Wyong, on C coast of New South Wales, Australia. in Macropodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. stigmatica Gould, 1860 — NE & C coastal Queensland from Cooktown to Proserpine, NE Australia. T. s. coxenii Gray, 1866 — Cape York Peninsula N of Coen, NE Queensland, Australia. T. s. oriomo Tate & Archbold, 1935 — Trans-Fly region of S Papua New Guinea. T. s. wilcoxi McCoy, 1866 — C & SE coastal Queensland S to Wyong, on C coast of New South Wales, Australia.

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Distribution. NE & E Australia on E Queensland (including Moa, Prince of Wales, Hinchinbrook, Magnetic, Hummock Hill, and Fraser Is) and NE New South Wales, as well as some tentative records from NE, S & SE New Guinea. in Pteropodidae

Distribution. NE & E Australia on E Queensland (including Moa, Prince of Wales, Hinchinbrook, Magnetic, Hummock Hill, and Fraser Is) and NE New South Wales, as well as some tentative records from NE, S & SE New Guinea.

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Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.melanotusBlyth,1863—NicobarIs. P.m.modigliani:Thomas,1894—EngganoI,offSWSumatra. P.m.natalisThomas,1887—ChristmasI,Australia. P.m.niadicusG.S.Miller,1906—NiasI,offNWSumatra. P. m. tytlern Mason, 1908 — Andaman Is (South Andaman and Rutland). in Pteropodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.melanotusBlyth,1863—NicobarIs. P.m.modigliani:Thomas,1894—EngganoI,offSWSumatra. P.m.natalisThomas,1887—ChristmasI,Australia. P.m.niadicusG.S.Miller,1906—NiasI,offNWSumatra. P. m. tytlern Mason, 1908 — Andaman Is (South Andaman and Rutland).

Subspecies and Distribution. R.c.fuscipesWaterhouse,1839—SWWesternAustraliaaswellasvariousoffshoreIs. R.c.asstmilisGould,1858—EVictoriaandSEQueenslandandsomeoffshoreIs. R.c.coraciusThomas,1923—NEQueensland,includingHinchinbrook I. R. c. greyi Gray, 1841 — SE South Australia and SW Victoria as well as various offshore Is including Kangaroo I. in Muridae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.c.fuscipesWaterhouse,1839—SWWesternAustraliaaswellasvariousoffshoreIs. R.c.asstmilisGould,1858—EVictoriaandSEQueenslandandsomeoffshoreIs. R.c.coraciusThomas,1923—NEQueensland,includingHinchinbrook I. R. c. greyi Gray, 1841 — SE South Australia and SW Victoria as well as various offshore Is including Kangaroo I.

Distribution. SW & SE Australia. Wheatbelt region and S parts of Western Australia, including N of Burngup, near Lake Biddy, Dragon Rocks Nature Reserve, Lake Magenta Nature Reserve, Fitzgerald River National Park, and the Ravensthorpe Range area; also in SW Victoria, including the Grampians and extending S to Lower Glenelg National Park and into the SE tip of South Australia. in Muridae

Distribution. SW & SE Australia. Wheatbelt region and S parts of Western Australia, including N of Burngup, near Lake Biddy, Dragon Rocks Nature Reserve, Lake Magenta Nature Reserve, Fitzgerald River National Park, and the Ravensthorpe Range area; also in SW Victoria, including the Grampians and extending S to Lower Glenelg National Park and into the SE tip of South Australia.

Distribution. SE Australia: coastal habitats up to 100 km inland in SE Queensland, E New South Wales, SE Victoria, and Tasmania, including Flinders I and Three Hummock I. in Muridae

Distribution. SE Australia: coastal habitats up to 100 km inland in SE Queensland, E New South Wales, SE Victoria, and Tasmania, including Flinders I and Three Hummock I.

Subspecies and Distribution. P d. delicatulus Gould, 1842 — monsoonal NW & NC Australia, from Pilbara to far NW Queensland, and including the islands of Tent, Augustus, Bigge, Sir Graham Moore, Bathurst, Melville, Marchinbar, Groote Eylandt, and Sir Edward Pellew Group (West, South West, North, and Vanderlin). P. d. pumilus Troughton, 1936 — NE & CE Australia from Cape York S to NE New South Wales, including Fraser I; also reported from Trans Fly plains in S New Guinea. in Muridae

Subspecies and Distribution. P d. delicatulus Gould, 1842 — monsoonal NW & NC Australia, from Pilbara to far NW Queensland, and including the islands of Tent, Augustus, Bigge, Sir Graham Moore, Bathurst, Melville, Marchinbar, Groote Eylandt, and Sir Edward Pellew Group (West, South West, North, and Vanderlin). P. d. pumilus Troughton, 1936 — NE & CE Australia from Cape York S to NE New South Wales, including Fraser I; also reported from Trans Fly plains in S New Guinea.

Distribution. Restricted to arid inland Australia, including E edge of the Simpson Desert in far SW Queensland, the S Strzelecki Desert in South Australia, and the far NW New South Wales, with some expansion following periods of high rainfall and occasional records outside main known range. in Muridae

Distribution. Restricted to arid inland Australia, including E edge of the Simpson Desert in far SW Queensland, the S Strzelecki Desert in South Australia, and the far NW New South Wales, with some expansion following periods of high rainfall and occasional records outside main known range.

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.f.fuscusThomas,1882—nowrestrictedtoN&WTasmania,butsubfossilevidence(owlpellets)indicatesaformerlymoreextensiverangeacrossTasmania. M. f. mordicus Thomas, 1922 — highly fragmented in mainland SE Australia, including the Otway and Dandenong ranges, coastal areas of Gippsland and SE New South Wales, and the Great Dividing Range around Barrington Tops and from near the Brindabella Range S to Warburton. in Muridae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.f.fuscusThomas,1882—nowrestrictedtoN&WTasmania,butsubfossilevidence(owlpellets)indicatesaformerlymoreextensiverangeacrossTasmania. M. f. mordicus Thomas, 1922 — highly fragmented in mainland SE Australia, including the Otway and Dandenong ranges, coastal areas of Gippsland and SE New South Wales, and the Great Dividing Range around Barrington Tops and from near the Brindabella Range S to Warburton.

Distribution. Natural distribution now restricted to West and East Franklin Is, Nuyts Archipelago, South Australia. From 1990, successful introductions (assisted colonization) from there to Salutation I, W Western Australia, and to Reevesby I and Saint Peter I, South Australia; also reintroduced to predator-exclosures at Mt Gibson Sanctuary, Western Australia, Arid Recovery Reserve, Roxby Downs, South Australia, and Scotia Sanctuary, New South Wales. Attempted reintroduction to Faure I, Western Australia, failed. in Muridae

Distribution. Natural distribution now restricted to West and East Franklin Is, Nuyts Archipelago, South Australia. From 1990, successful introductions (assisted colonization) from there to Salutation I, W Western Australia, and to Reevesby I and Saint Peter I, South Australia; also reintroduced to predator-exclosures at Mt Gibson Sanctuary, Western Australia, Arid Recovery Reserve, Roxby Downs, South Australia, and Scotia Sanctuary, New South Wales. Attempted reintroduction to Faure I, Western Australia, failed.

Distribution. Widespread in low-rainfall areas in C Australia, including C & S Northern Territory, inland Queensland, extreme WC Western Australia, N South Australia, and NW New South Wales. in Muridae

Distribution. Widespread in low-rainfall areas in C Australia, including C & S Northern Territory, inland Queensland, extreme WC Western Australia, N South Australia, and NW New South Wales.

Distribution. From NE Queensland S to C coastal New South Wales, E Australia, including offshore islands of Dunk, Hinchinbrook, Carlisle, Middle, Fraser, and North Stradbroke. in Muridae

Distribution. From NE Queensland S to C coastal New South Wales, E Australia, including offshore islands of Dunk, Hinchinbrook, Carlisle, Middle, Fraser, and North Stradbroke.

Distribution. New Guinea, mainland Australia (mainly peripheral but extending farthest inland in mesic E & SE, and along Cooper Creek to terminate in ephemeral lakes of Lake Eyre Basin), and Tasmania; also present on many islands and archipelagos, including Obi, Waigeo, Biak, Yapen, Kai, Aru, Kiriwina, Goodenough, Fergusson, Normanby, Bernier, Dorre, Barrow, Bathurst, Melville, Wessel, Inglis, Groote Eylandt, Pellew, Mornington, Dunk, Palm, Whitsunday, Dent, Fraser, North Stradbroke, South Stradbroke, Flinders, and Bruny. in Muridae

Distribution. New Guinea, mainland Australia (mainly peripheral but extending farthest inland in mesic E & SE, and along Cooper Creek to terminate in ephemeral lakes of Lake Eyre Basin), and Tasmania; also present on many islands and archipelagos, including Obi, Waigeo, Biak, Yapen, Kai, Aru, Kiriwina, Goodenough, Fergusson, Normanby, Bernier, Dorre, Barrow, Bathurst, Melville, Wessel, Inglis, Groote Eylandt, Pellew, Mornington, Dunk, Palm, Whitsunday, Dent, Fraser, North Stradbroke, South Stradbroke, Flinders, and Bruny.

FIGURE 2. A–E, Pinkfloydia rixi n in The discovery of the orb-weaving spider genus Pinkfloydia (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in eastern Australia with description of a new species from New South Wales and comments on the phylogeny of Nanometinae

FIGURE 2. A–E, Pinkfloydia rixi n. sp. (male holotype and female paratype); F, P. harveii Dimitrov & Hormiga (form Western Australia, Austin Bay Nat. Res., WAM T98595). Arrow in A and F point out to diagnostic characters. A, F, male palp, ventral. B, male palp, ventral. C, D, dorsal and ectal respectively (arrow, cymbial ectomedial process. E, epigynum, ventral. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CEBP, cymbial ectobasal process; E, embolus; MEA, Metainae embolic process; P, paracymbium; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, E, 0.1 mm; all other, 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 4 in The discovery of the orb-weaving spider genus Pinkfloydia (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in eastern Australia with description of a new species from New South Wales and comments on the phylogeny of Nanometinae

FIGURE 4. Optimal topology from the maximum likelihood analysis of the full dataset of Dimitrov et al. (2016), simplified from their figure S3 to include only Tetragnathidae and its closest relatives (a reduced version of the full tree is presented in their figure 2). Values at nodes denote bootstrap support above 50%. Dimitrov et al. (2016) used a standard target-gene approach with the following genes or gene fragments: two nuclear ribosomal genes, namely18S rRNA and 28S rRNA; two mitochondrial ribosomal genes, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA, the nuclear protein-encoding genes histone H3 and wingless, and the mitochondrial protein-encoding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I.

FIGURE 1. A–F, Pinkfloydia rixi n in The discovery of the orb-weaving spider genus Pinkfloydia (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in eastern Australia with description of a new species from New South Wales and comments on the phylogeny of Nanometinae

FIGURE 1. A–F, Pinkfloydia rixi n. sp. A, B, E, male (holotype); C, D, F, female (paratype). A, C, lateral. B, D, dorsal. E, prosoma, anterolateral. F, prosoma, anterior. Scale bars: all 1.0 mm, except E, F (0.5 mm).

FIGURE 3. A–E, Pinkfloydia rixi n in The discovery of the orb-weaving spider genus Pinkfloydia (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in eastern Australia with description of a new species from New South Wales and comments on the phylogeny of Nanometinae

FIGURE 3. A–E, Pinkfloydia rixi n. sp. (male holotype and female paratype); F–H, P. harveii Dimitrov & Hormiga (form Western Australia, Austin Bay Nat. Res., WAM T98595). A, male palp, ventral. B, embolic division, ventral. C, paracymbium, ventral. D, epigynum, ventral. E, epigynum (cleared), dorsal. F, male palp, ventral. G, embolic division, ventral. H, paracymbium, ventral. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CEBP, cymbial ectobasal process CEMP, cymbial ectomedial process; E, embolus; MEA, Metainae embolic process; P, paracymbium; S, spermathecae; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, F, D, 0.2 mm; all other, 0.1 mm.