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799 results for “Stick insect”
Data from: Evolutionary dynamics of specialisation in herbivorous stick insects
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Data from: Long-term balancing selection on chromosomal variants associated with crypsis in a stick insect
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Data from: De novo transcriptome analysis of the common New Zealand stick insect Clitarchus hookeri (Phasmatodea) reveals genes involved in olfaction, digestion and sexual reproduction
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Data from: Weak premating isolation between Clitarchus stick insect species despite divergent male and female genital morphology
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Data from: Neutral and selection-driven decay of sexual traits in asexual stick insects
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Data from: Female stick insects mate multiply to find compatible mates
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Fig. 8 in The new genus of stick insect Lobofemora from Vietnam, with the description of three new species (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Clitumnini)
Fig. 8. Lobofemora bidoupensis sp. nov., captive reared specimens (photographs by the authors). A–E. ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Anterior part of body, lateral view. D. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view. E. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. F–G. ♂. F. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. G. Lateral view.
Fig. 5 in The new genus of stick insect Lobofemora from Vietnam, with the description of three new species (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Clitumnini)
Fig. 5. Lobofemora bidoupensis sp. nov. A–I. ♀, paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, lateral view. C. Habitus, ventral view. D. Right median leg, detail. E. Anterior part of body, dorsal view. F. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view. G. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. H. Apex of abdomen, ventral view. I. Anterior part of body, lateral view. J–N. Egg. J. Detail of micropylar plate. K. Lateral view. L. Ventral view. M. Detail of polar area. N. Detail of operculum. O. Eggs. D–I, O = not to scale.
Fig. 7 in The new genus of stick insect Lobofemora from Vietnam, with the description of three new species (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Clitumnini)
Fig. 7. Lobofemora scheirei sp. nov. ♀, paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, lateral view. C. Habitus, ventral view. D. Right median leg, detail. E. Anterior part of body, dorsal view. F. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view. G. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. H. Apex of abdomen, ventral view. I. Anterior part of body, lateral view. D–I = not to scale.
Fig. 12. Distribution maps. A in Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with three new taxa including the second longest insect known to date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini)
Fig. 12. Distribution maps. A. Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004) comb. nov. and P. heusii heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997). B. P. tamdaoensis sp. nov. and P. grandis Rehn, 1906. C. Phryganistria heusii yentuensis subsp. nov. and Phobaeticus trui sp. nov. D. Baculonistria magna (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) comb. nov.
Data from: Ecology shapes epistasis in a genotype-phenotype-fitness map for stick insect colour
<p>Genetic interactions such as epistasis are widespread in nature and can shape evolutionary dynamics. Epistasis occurs due to non-linearity in biological systems, which can arise via cellular processes that convert genotype to phenotype and via selective processes that connect phenotype to fitness. Few studies in nature have connected genotype to phenotype to fitness for multiple potentially interacting genetic variants. Thus, the causes of epistasis in the wild remain poorly understood. Here, we show that epistasis for fitness is an emergent and predictable property of non-linear selective processes. We do so by measuring the genetic basis of cryptic colouration and survival in a field experiment with stick insects. We find that colouration exhibits a largely additive genetic basis, but with some effects of epistasis that enhance differentiation between colour morphs. In terms of fitness, different combinations of loci affecting colouration confer high survival in one host-plant treatment. Specifically, non-linear correlational selection for specific combinations of colour traits in this treatment drives the emergence of pairwise and higher-order epistasis for fitness at loci underlying colour. In turn, this results in a rugged fitness landscape for genotypes. In contrast, fitness epistasis was dampened in another treatment, where selection was weaker. Patterns of epistasis that are shaped by ecologically based selection could be common, and central to understanding fitness landscapes, the dynamics of evolution, and potentially other complex systems.</p>
Data from: Stick insect genomes reveal natural selection's role in parallel speciation
Natural selection can drive the repeated evolution of reproductive isolation, but the genomic basis of parallel speciation remains poorly understood. We analyzed whole-genome divergence between replicate pairs of stick insect populations that are adapted to different host plants and undergoing parallel speciation. We found thousands of modest-sized genomic regions of accentuated divergence between populations, most of which are unique to individual population pairs. We also detected parallel genomic divergence across population pairs involving an excess of coding genes with specific molecular functions. Regions of parallel genomic divergence in nature exhibited exceptional allele frequency changes between hosts in a field transplant experiment. The results advance understanding of biological diversification by providing convergent observational and experimental evidence for selection's role in driving repeatable genomic divergence.
Data from: Color phenotypes are under similar genetic control in two distantly related species of Timema stick insect
Ecology and genetics are both of general interest to evolutionary biologists as they can influence the phenotypic and genetic response to selection. The stick insects Timema podura and T. cristinae exhibit a green/melanistic body color polymorphism that is subject to different ecologically-based selective regimes in the two species. Here we describe aspects of the genetics of this color polymorphism in T. podura, and compare this to previous results in T. cristinae. We first show that similar color phenotypes of the two species cluster in phenotypic space. We then use genome-wide association mapping to show that in both species, color is controlled by few loci, dominance relationships between color alleles are the same, and SNPs associated with color phenotypes co-localize to the same linkage group. Regions within this linkage group that harbor genetic variants associated with color exhibit elevated linkage disequilibrium relative to genome wide expectations, but more strongly so in T. cristinae. We use these results to discuss predictions regarding how the genetics of color could influence levels of phenotypic and genetic variation that segregate within and between populations of T. podura and T. cristinae, drawing parallels with other organisms.
Data from: Surface contact and design of fibrillar 'friction pads' in stick insects (Carausius morosus): mechanisms for large friction coefficients and negligible adhesion.
Many stick insects and mantophasmids possess tarsal 'heel pads' (euplantulae) covered by arrays of conical, micrometre-sized hairs (acanthae). These pads are used mainly under compression; they respond to load with increasing shear resistance, and show negligible adhesion. Reflected-light microscopy in stick insects (Carausius morosus) revealed that the contact area of 'heel pads' changes with normal load on three hierarchical levels. First, loading brought larger areas of the convex pads into contact. Second, loading increased the density of acanthae in contact. Third, higher loads changed the shape of individual hair contacts gradually from circular (tip contact) to elongated (side contact). The resulting increase in real contact area can explain the load dependence of friction, indicating a constant shear stress between acanthae and substrate. As the euplantula contact area is negligible for small loads (similar to hard materials), but increases sharply with load (resembling soft materials), these pads show high friction coefficients despite little adhesion. This property appears essential for the pads' use in locomotion. Several morphological characteristics of hairy friction pads are in apparent contrast to hairy pads used for adhesion, highlighting key adaptations for both pad types. Our results are relevant for the design of fibrillar structures with high friction coefficients but small adhesion.
FIGURE 8 in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 8. Ctenomorpha gargantua end of abdomen, in holotype male (QMBA), lateral view.
FIGURE 6. Ctenomorpha marginipennis egg views a in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 6. Ctenomorpha marginipennis egg views a) dorsal b) lateral (scale bar, 2mm).
FIGURE 4 in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 4. Ctenomorpha marginipennis female, lower specimen (fig. 2, after Gray, 1833).
FIGURE 3 in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 3. Ctenomorpha marginipennis end of abdomen, in lectotype male, lateral view (OXUM).
FIGURE 2. Ctenomorpha marginipennis lectotype male, 110 in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 2. Ctenomorpha marginipennis lectotype male, 110mm (OXUM).
FIGURE 1 in Morphological and biological observations on the stick insect Tithonophasma tithonus (Gray, 1835) (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae)
FIGURE 1. Tithonophasma tithonus couple in dorsal view. Above, female; below, male.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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