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F I G U R E 1 0 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 1 0 Results of DNA-barcoding analyses. (a) Net between-group mean distances (mean and S.E.). The phylogeny shown in this figure is based on Wagner et al. (2019). (b) DNA-barcoding gap represented by boxplots showing maximum intraspecific and minimum interspecific divergences in %

F I G U R E 6 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 6 Gouania orientalis sp. nov., PMR VP4585, holotype, male, 32.8+4.93 mm, Plakias, Crete, Greece. Lateral view of specimen preserved in 4% formaldehyde (top). Lateral, dorsal and ventral view, alive (below). Photographs by M. Wagner and M. Kovacˇic

F I G U R E 8 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 8 Gouania pigra (Nardo, 1827), PMR VP3529, neotype, female, 43.12+5.03 mm, Glavotok, Krk, Croatia. Lateral view of specimen preserved in 4% formaldehyde (top). Lateral, dorsal and ventral view, alive (below). Photographs by M. Wagner and M. Kovacˇic

F I G U R E 5 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 5 Head osteology of Gouania species. (a) G. adriatica sp. nov. (PMR VP4618 – Holotype), (b) G. orientalis sp. nov. (PMR VP4585 – Holotype), (c) G. hofrichteri sp. nov. (ZSM-PIS- 047656 – Paratype), (d) G. pigra (Nardo 1827) (PMR VP3531 – Other material) and (e) G. willdenowi (Risso 1810) (ZSM-PIS-0476654 – Other material). Red, ceratobranchial 5; orange, premaxillary bone; blue, maxillary bone; green, nasal bone

F I G U R E 3 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 3 Gouania adriatica sp. nov., PMR VP4618, holotype, male, 41.41+6.77 mm, Stoja, Pula. Lateral view of specimen preserved in 4% formaldehyde (top). Lateral, dorsal and ventral view, alive (below). Photographs by M. Wagner and M. Kovacˇic

F I G U R E 4 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 4 Sucking discs and disc-papillae of Gouania species. (a) G. adriatica sp. nov. (PMR VP4618 – Holotype), (b) G. orientalis sp. nov. (PMR VP4585 – Holotype), (c) G. hofrichteri sp. nov. (PMR VP4595 – Holotype), (d) G. pigra (Nardo 1827) (ZSM-PIS-047649 – Other material) and (e) G. willdenowi (Risso 1810) (PMR VP4574 – Neotype). (f) Males of Gouania can have seemingly perfused prominent finger-like extensions on sucking disc edge in region A.A, B and C correspond to disc regions. Photographs by M. Wagner

F I G U R E 1 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 1 Geographical distribution ranges and ecology. (a) Distribution ranges of single Gouania species. The data shown are based on genetic, morphological and field observations as well as on historical findings mentioned by Hofrichter (1995) (all his records combined the species in G. willdenowi described here). Type and location of water currents are based on data provided by El-Geziry and Bryden (2010). Numbers 1–23 indicate sampling sites (compare with Supporting Information Table S1). (b) Female Gouania pigra (Nardo, 1827) in the interstitial of pebbles (photo taken in aquarium); see Supporting Information Video S1 for behaviour. (c) Trstenik (Pelješac, Croatia) – a site where G. pigra, G. adriatica sp. nov. and G. hofrichteri sp. nov. were found in sympatry. Photographs by M. Wagner

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Figs 1–2 in TO THE TAXONOMY OF HARPACTUS VEDICUS NESTEROV, 1994 (HYMENOPTERA, CRABRONIDAE, BEMBICINAE)

Figs 1–2. Females habitus of Harpactus spp. (all from the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan). 1 – Harpactus vedicus Nesterov, 1994; 2 – H. elegans (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1832).

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Figure 16 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 16. Operculinoides floridensis (Heilprin). A–C, Loma Candelaria; A, 98LC-1-651; B, 98LC-1-667; C, 98LC-1-815. D, E, Loma Viǵıa; D, CA-216-F3-16; E, CA-216-D1a. F, Loma El Santo, CA-215-852. G, Loma Jabaco, LM-52-759. H, Angelita Quarry, 98MT-1. A–D, F and G are A forms in equatorial section; E and F are A forms in axial section.

Figure 10 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 10. Incipient protuberance development in Pleistocene to modern Trilobatus sacculifer. A–L, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (A, D, F, J, spiral view; B, E, G, K, umbilical view), in B note lobate sac-like chamber, in E note thin final sac-like chamber with different wall texture appearance relative to rest of test; C; detail of wall texture including spine holes; H, detail of two incipient protuberances; I, contrasting wall texture appearance in thinner final sac-like chamber with smooth topography, and penultimate chamber with well-developed sacculifer-like texture and spine holes; L, detail of wall texture showing raised spine bases); M, Barbados, Caribbean Sea, specimen cultured after plankton net collection (umbilical view; reproduced from Brummer et al. 1987, pl. 1, fig. 14); N, Barbados, Caribbean Sea, specimen cultured after SCUBA dive collection (umbilical view; reproduced from B́e et al. 1982, fig. 12); O, P, Barbados, Caribbean Sea, specimens cultured after SCUBA dive collection (umbilical view; note multiple incipient protuberances; reproduced from of Hemleben et al. 1987, pl. 2, figs 11, 12). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except close-up images (I–L) where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 13 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 13. Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910). A–O, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (A, C, E, G, I, K, M–O, spiral view, in K note infilled apertures; B, D, F, H, J, umbilical view); L, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/03/104–106 cm (spiral view; infilled apertures); P, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (spiral view; infilled apertures). Scale bars = 200 Lm.

Figure 9 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 9. Morphological variation in the final sac-like chamber(s) of Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A–G, I, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (A, B, I, spiral view, in A note elongated sac-like chamber; C–G, umbilical view, in D note kummerform sac-like chamber, in F note large, asymmetrical aperture with surrounding imperforate area); H, J–P, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (H, J–N umbilical view, in J note lobate sac-like chamber, in K note kummerform sac-like chamber, in L–N note two sac-like chambers; O, P, spiral view; note three sac-like chambers); Q, R, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (cross sectional view of wall, showing relict spines embedded within wall and chamber layers). Scale bars: A–P = 100 Lm; Q, R = 20 Lm.

Figure 7. Typical Trilobatus immaturus and intergradation with Trilobatus quadrilobatus. A–K in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 7. Typical Trilobatus immaturus and intergradation with Trilobatus quadrilobatus. A–K, Trilobatus immaturus (LeRoy, 1939); L–N, Trilobatus quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny, 1846). A–C, I–K, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic, 11H/04/ 50–52 cm (A, B, umbilical view; C, detail wall texture and infilled pores; I, spiral view; J, detail of final chamber wall texture; compare with K, detail of penultimate chamber where primary wall texture is obscured by thick gametogenic calcite); D–H, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (D, detail of wall texture and imperforate lip on first supplementary aperture; E, H, umbilical view; F, G, spiral view). L–N, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (L, spiral view; M, umbilical view; N, detail of wall texture including clear spine holes). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except for close-up images C, D, J, K, N, where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 6. Typical Trilobatus trilobus and intergradation with Trilobatus immaturus. A–O in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 6. Typical Trilobatus trilobus and intergradation with Trilobatus immaturus. A–O, Trilobatus trilobus (Reuss, 1850); P, Trilobatus immaturus (LeRoy, 1939). A–K, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (A, D, E, G, I, spiral view, in D note no spine holes are visible due to gametogenic calcite; B, F, H, J, K, umbilical view, in F note thick gametogenic calcite obscuring sacculifer-type wall texture on penultimate chamber; C, detail of coarse sacculifer-type wall texture and abundant spine holes at intersections of interpore ridges); L, M, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic, 11H/04/50–52 cm (umbilical view); N, O, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (N, umbilical view; O, detail of gametogenic calcite, no spine holes visible). P, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (umbilical view; note final chamber not dominant over previous chambers, compare with A–O). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except for close-up images C and O, where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 14. Trilobatus sacculifer and Globigerinoidesella fistulosa protuberance ultrastructure. A in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 14. Trilobatus sacculifer and Globigerinoidesella fistulosa protuberance ultrastructure. A, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877); B–G, Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910). A, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/ 127–129 cm (incipient protuberance with surface texture continuous from chamber). B, C, F, G, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (A, numerous spine holes present, many pores obscured/distorted; B, surface texture change towards protuberance ends with blocky thick calcite obscuring pores; F, cross-sectional view of broken protuberance, showing hollow interior; G, cross-sectional view of broken protuberance, showing hollow interior); D, E, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (D, surface texture change towards protuberance ends; blocky thick calcite obscuring pores; E, left protuberance marked by change in wall texture at protuberance end, right protuberance has all original surface texture obscured). Scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 12. A–C, F–L in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 12. A–C, F–L, Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910); D, E, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A–C, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 7H/05/27–29 cm (A, umbilical view; B, C, spiral view); F–I, K, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 8H/02/52–54 cm (F, I, K, umbilical view; G, H, spiral view); J, L, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 7H/05/27–29 cm (umbilical view). D, E, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 7H/05/ 27–29 cm (spiral view). Scale bars = 200 Lm.

Figure 8. Typical Trilobatus quadrilobatus and intergradation with Trilobatus sacculifer. A–K in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 8. Typical Trilobatus quadrilobatus and intergradation with Trilobatus sacculifer. A–K, Trilobatus quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny, 1846); L–P, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A, B, E, F, G–K, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (A, E–I, K, umbilical view; B, detail of wall texture, including spine holes, infilled pores, broadened interpore ridges; J, detail of wall texture and imperforate lip developed on primary aperture); C, D, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (C, umbilical view; D, spiral view). L–P, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (L–P, umbilical view; for L note slight chamber flattening compared with I–K). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except for close-up images B and J, where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 11. Trilobatus sacculifer with incipient protuberances and intergradation with Globigerinoidesella fistulosa. A–J in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 11. Trilobatus sacculifer with incipient protuberances and intergradation with Globigerinoidesella fistulosa. A–J, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877); K–P, Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910). A–J, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (A, D, J, umbilical view, in A note kummerform final sac-like chamber; B, C, H, I, spiral view, in B note kummerform final sac-like chamber); E–G, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (E, umbilical view; F, G, spiral view). K, L, O, P, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (K, spiral view; L, umbilical view; note multiple small protuberances and broad flattened final chamber; O, P, umbilical view); M, N, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (umbilical view). Scale bars = 100 Lm.

Figure 17 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 17. Trilobatus sacculifer plexus, showing type specimens (A–D), morphological intergradation sequence and morphospecies exemplars (E–H). A, E, Trilobatus trilobus (Reuss, 1850); B, F, Trilobatus immaturus (LeRoy, 1939); C, G, Trilobatus quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny, 1846); D, H, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A, salt mine Wieliczka, near Krakow, Poland (umbilical view; neotype image reproduced from Rogl 2012, pl. 1, fig. 1). B, Telisa Shales, Tapoeng Kiri area, Rokan-Tapanoeli, Central Sumatra, Indonesia (umbilical view; holotype image reproduced from LeRoy 1939, pl. 3, fig. 19). C, Nussdorf (= Nubdorf), Rara, Vienna Basin, Austria (umbilical view; lectotype image reproduced from Papp & Schmid 1985, pl. 3, fig. 19). D, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (umbilical view; lectotype of Banner & Blow 1960, image reproduced from Williams et al. 2006, pl. 1, fig. 1). E, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (umbilical view). F, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/ 03/60–62 cm (umbilical view). G, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (umbilical view). H, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (umbilical view). Scale bars = 100 Lm.