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FIG. 1 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 1. Right oblique view of the head (A), right wrist with adhesive disk (B), and left hind limb (C) of the holotype of Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237). Note that due to the angle from which image (B) was taken, the adhesive disk on the thumb looks circular, but it is in fact oblong vertically. Photos: Burton Lim.

FIG. 2 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the holotype of Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237). Photos: Burton Lim.

FIG. 6 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 6. Lateral views of the skulls and lower jaw of A, Thyroptera devivoi (ROM 35588♂); B, Thyroptera discifera (AMNH 16686♀); C, Thyroptera lavali (ROM 104026♀); D, Thyroptera tricolor (AMNH 273160♀); E, Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237♂, holotype). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURES 39–41 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 39–41. Microphotographs of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 39. Sample of cocoons most of which had been opened to remove larvae, showing variation in color, texture, and external shape. 40. Longitudinal section of front of one side of front end of cocoon, showing outer layer of dark silk between which thin line of white fine-grained layer of discharge is sandwiched by inner thick layer of dark silk. 41. Longitudinal section of posterior end of cocoon showing multiple layers of silk fibers.

FIGURES 19–23 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 19–23. Microphotographs of nest components of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 19. Assorted discs showing variation primarily in views of posterior surfaces from numerous cells. 20. Young larva, probably first instar, facing posterior surface of disc, but not yet feeding. 21. Two preserved eggs, side view. 22. Newly emerged fifth instar compared with fully grown fifth instar. 23. Plastic rearing dish containing five live larvae, which permitted us to observe feeding and cocoon-spinning activities throughout the study period.

FIG. 7 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 7. Results of principal components analysis, illustrating the dispersion of specimen scores for male Thyroptera devivoi (filled circles), Thyroptera discifera (open circles), Thyroptera lavali (open triangles), Thyroptera tricolor (asterisk), and Thyroptera wynneae (filled squares). See text for explanation and table 3 for factor loadings and other results.

FIG. 3 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 3. The Yavarí-Ucayali interfluvial region (boundaries highlighted in grey) showing the type locality of Thyroptera wynneae (arrow) and adjacent localities where other thyropterid species have been collected. The inset shows where the paratypes were collected in southeastern Brazil. Numbers are keyed to entries in the gazetteer (appendix 2).

FIGURES 12–14 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Single cell provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis from various nests. FIGURE 15.Two cells in linear series. FIGURES 16–18. Eggs of Lithurgopsis apicalis attached to disc, and same egg with attachment to disc now broken, and another egg and disc, respectively.

FIG. 10 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 10. Roost of Thyroptera tricolor in the half-unrolled new leaf of a small Heliconia in primary forest at Paracou, French Guiana. The adhesive disks of the roosting bats are visible as dark spots through the translucent tissue of the leaf. The bats themselves (an adult male and three adult females) form a dark mass within their tubular shelter (arrow).

FIGURES 7, 8 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 7, 8. Nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 7. Cross section of Agave stalk where multiple nests were first found, showing pollen-filled cells (arrows), open tunnels, and tunnels filled with wood chips (gray). 8. Closeup of burrow wall through fine-grained plant tissue showing characteristic transverse patterning created by the female's mandibles during excavation.

FIGURES 9–11 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 9–11. Diagrams of nest found near Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona. 9. Entire nest, side view containing two burrows, with close-up of section containing three cells, one of which had not been closed. 10. Single cell containing two eggs, each associated with small open space ("egg chamber") and with disc of firmer provisions. 11. Close-up of disc and egg.

FIG. 9. Patricia J in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 9. Patricia J. Wynne at her microscope in the AMNH Department of Mammalogy. Patricia's first mammalogical illustration appeared almost 40 years ago (in Hooper, 1975), and she has lost track of how many she has drawn since then. In addition to her technical work for museum researchers, Patricia has illustrated museum exhibition labels, numerous educational publications, and dozens of popular science books. She is now busier than ever in semiretirement. Photo: Denis Finnin.

FIGURES 46, 47 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 46, 47. SEM macrographs of thin film of cocoon fabric spun on June 44, 2013, as identified in photomicrograph, figure 36, 46. showing small apertures that presumably would have been closed with more applications of silk, and 47. edge of same, showing texture of silk that is extruded, respectively. These macrographs plus observations made at the time strongly suggest that the inner surface of cocoons is composed solely of silk; see text for further explanation.

FIGURES 27–31 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 27–31. Microphotographs of cleared larvae of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 27. Entire first instar, lateral view, with cast chorion and pollen grains adhering to posterior end. 28. Head of same, frontal view. 29. Head capsule of third/fourth instar, frontal view, showing pollen grain being ingested. 30. Same but more dorsal view showing pollen grains being ingested sequentially into esophagus. 31. Lower part of head of early fifth instar; note pollen grain being ingested behind mandibular apices.

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Figs 2-3 in Dancing behavior of Cosmopterix victor S , a species new to the fauna of China (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae)

Figs 2-3: Depiction of body orientation during dance. 2, body orientation during spinning; 3, body orientation during swinging motion.

FIGURES 34–39 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 34–39. Diagrams of last larval instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 34. Entire larva, lateral view. 35, 36. Head, frontal and lateral view, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 37–39. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 25, 26 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 25, 26. Microphotographs of spiracles of cleared mature larvae, showing ornamentation of atrial walls and primary tracheal openings. 25. Anthophora melanognatha. 26. Melecta duodecimmaculata.. FIGURE 27. Microphotograph of spiracle of Melecta duodecimmaculata, approximate side view.

FIGURES 11–15 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 11–15. SEM micrographs of first instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 11, 12. Head, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. 13. Spiracle with raised rim and well-developed peritreme. 14, 15. Spinulae from head in figure 12 showing diversity of apical structures.

FIGURES 1, 2 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 1, 2. Nesting site of Anthophora melanognatha at Hu Yu, Beijing Province, China. 1. Rock overhang with nesting site in shadow under it to the left of the figures. 2. Close-up of site with J.G.R. and L.D. excavating nests, entrances of which were mostly in the shadow. (Photographs of figs. 1 and 2 by J.S. Ascher.) FIG- URES 3–5. Inner surface of cell closures of Anthophora melanognatha showing egg insertion holes of Melecta duodecimmaculata (arrows). FIGURES 6, 7. Feeding larvae of Melecta duodecimmaculata, 6. Intermediate instar. 7. Last larval instar.

FIGURES 30–33 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 30–33. SEM micrographs of head and antenna of mature larva of Melecta duodecimmaculata, semilateral view. 30. Entire head. 31. Antenna and close-up of apex showing abundant sensillae, respectively. 32. Labiomaxillary apex. 33. Close-up of salivary opening from figure 32, showing apical brushlike filament.