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FIGURES 24–29. 24–25. Nellia tenella, UFBA 1602. 24 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 24–29. 24–25. Nellia tenella, UFBA 1602. 24, Close-up of autozooids; 25, Detail of autozooid and paired avicularia. 26. Nellia tenella, MNHN IB-2008-4546, syntype. Detail of autozooids showing gymnocystal and cryptocystal calcification, pores at the basal wall and paired small oval avicularia. 27–28. Synnotum aegyptiacum, UFBA 1601. 27, Autozooids with sessile and pedunculated avicularia; 28, Close-up of sessile avicularia. 29. Canda alsia, UFBA 1192, erect branch showing autozooids, scuta, spines, vibracular chambers and an ovicell. Scale bars: 24, 26, 29 = 200 µm; 25 = 50 µm; 27–28 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 18–23. 18–21. Crisia pseudosolena, UFBA 1577. 18 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 18–23. 18–21. Crisia pseudosolena, UFBA 1577. 18, Branching colony and rhizoid; 19, Close-up of autozooids; 20, Entire colony with gonozooid; 21, Close-up of gonozooid. 22–23. Amathia distans, UFBA 1578. 22, Entire colony; 23, Close-up of stolon and autozooids. Scale bars: 18, 20 = 500 µm; 19, 21–23 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 13–17 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 13–17. Some smooth-textured sponges analyzed in the study. Arrows indicate the bryozoans attached to the sponges. 13, Chondrilla nuculla; 14, Halichondria sp.; 15, Haliclona (Soestella) melana; 16, Timea sp.; 17, Topsentia sp. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIGURES 8–12 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 8–12. Some rugose-textured sponges analyzed in the study. Arrows indicate the bryozoan attached to the sponges. 8, Bubaris sp.; 9, Mycale angulosa; 10, Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi; 11, Spongosorites sp.; 12, Tedanias ignis. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIGURES 36–41. Figures 36–37. Reptadeonella leilae, UFBA 1174. 36 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 36–41. Figures 36–37. Reptadeonella leilae, UFBA 1174. 36, Overview of encrusting colony with some gonozooids; 37, Close-up of autozooids showing tubular peristome. 38–41, Celleporaria atlantica, UFBA 1188. 38, Overview of encrusting colony; 39–40, Close-up of autozooids showing suboral avicularia, pointed umbos and leaf-shaped frontal avicularia; 41, Spatulate avicularium. Scale bars: 42 = 500 µm; 43–45 = 100 µm. Scale bars: 36, 38 = 500 µm; 37 = 200 µm; 39–41 = µm.

FIGURES 78–83. 78–80. Turbicellepora iarae n in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 78–83. 78–80. Turbicellepora iarae n. sp., UFBA 1185, holotype, Bahia State, Brazil. 78, Overview of encrusting colony; 79, Close-up of autozooids showing marginal pores, primary orifice with condyles, and tubular secondary orifice; 80, Close-up of zooids showing immersed porous ovicell. 81–83. Triphyllozoon arcuatum, UFBA 1184. 81, Overview of erect lace-like colony; 82, Detail of primary orifice and peristomial avicularia; 83, Detail of ovicelled zooid. Scale bars: 78 = 500 µm; 79–80, 81 = 200 µm; 82 = 50 µm; 83 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 2–7. Bryozoan colony growth forms. 2 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 2–7. Bryozoan colony growth forms. 2, encrusting patches; 3, encrusting spots; 4, erect articulated; 5, erect delicate branching; 6, erect fenestrate; 7, erect stoloniferan. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIGURES 54–59. Stylopoma aurantiacum, UFBA 1182. 54 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 54–59. Stylopoma aurantiacum, UFBA 1182. 54, Overview of encrusting colony; 55–57. Close-up of autozooids showing primary orifices and frontal avicularia; 58, Shoe-shaped interzooidal avicularia; 59, Ovicell with crab claw–like extensions. Scale bars: 54 = 500 µm; 55, 57, 59 = 100 µm; 56 = 50 µm; 58 = 200 µm.

FIGURES 48–53. Calyptotheca ornatissima n. comb. 48–51, UFBA 1178. 48 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 48–53. Calyptotheca ornatissima n. comb. 48–51, UFBA 1178. 48, Overview of encrusting colony; 49, Close-up of primary orifice showing lunula, suboral and marginal avicularium; 50, Group of autozooids and interzooidal avicularium (center); 51, Ovicelled zooids showing orificial dimorphism. 52–53, USNM 8554, holotype. 52, Detail of autozooidal primary orifice and avicularia; 53, Ovicelled zooids (notice the cormidial calcification) and interzooidal avicularium (top right). Scale bars: 48 = 500 µm; 49, 51–52 = 100 µm; 50 = 200 µm; 53 = 250 µm.

FIGURES 30–35. 30–33. Licornia aff. diadema, UFBA 1190. 30 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 30–35. 30–33. Licornia aff. diadema, UFBA 1190. 30, Frontal surface of branch; 31, Close-up of autozooids showing spines, lateral avicularia and vibracular chambers; 32, Close-up of ovicelled zooids showing scutum and frontal avicularia; 33, Abfrontal surface of branch. 34–35. Poricella frigorosa, UFBA 1585. 34, Overview of encrusting colony; 35, Group of zooids showing orificial spines, anchor-shaped frontal mucrones, frontal pores, avicularia and an ovicell. Scale bars: 30, 34 = 500 µm; 31, 33, 35 = 200 µm; 32 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 72–77. 72–73. Calyptooecia conuma, UFBA 1183. 72 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 72–77. 72–73. Calyptooecia conuma, UFBA 1183. 72, Spot-like colony; 73, Detail of autozooids showing brooding zooid (center) and non-brooding zooids surrounded by conical tubercles. 74–77. Celleporina joannae n. sp., UFBA 1664, holotype, Bahia State, Brazil. 74, Spot-like colony; 75, Semi-erect, non-oriented autozooids with peristomial avicularia and autozooid with primary orifice showing broad median sinus and thickened condyles (center); 76, Close-up of orifice showing deep tubular peristome and peristomial avicularium; 77, Close-up of ovicelled zooid. Scale bars: 72, 74 = 500 µm; 73, 75 = 200 µm; 76–77 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 66–71. Microporella curta n in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURES 66–71. Microporella curta n. sp., UFBA 1580, holotype, Bahia State, Brazil. 66, Group of autozooids; 67, Detail of autozooid with four oral spines and a single avicularium; 68, Detail of D-shaped primary orifice and reniform ascopore; 69, Detail of avicularium; 70, Zooids with personate ovicells; 71, Detail of ovicell. Scale bars: 66 = 200 µm; 67, 71 = 100 µm; 68, 69 = 50 µm; 70 = 250 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Map of the study area in Bahia State (BA), northeastern Brazil. Sponges were collected at Todos os Santos Bay and Camamu Bay.

Fig. 24 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 24 Musculature of the gonozooid in Penetrantia parva from northern New Zealand. a Overview of the gonozooid and brood chamber and their exterior cuticle. b Polypide within zooidal tube and embryo within brood chamber. c–d Musculature of gonozooid and brood chamber. Note: the additional brood chamber plug muscle. bch brood chamber, bpm brood chamber plug muscle, e embryo, mo mouth opening, oo operculum occlusor, op operculum, ply polypide, pm parietal muscles, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, rm retractor muscle, ttm tentacle muscle

Fig. 23 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 23 Histology of the gonozooid in Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. a–c Longitudinal semi thin sections through a gonozooid with the brood chamber and anal side on the left. b Close-up of lophophore and tentacles. c Close-up of brood chamber and embryo. d Volume rendering based on a section series with the anal side on the left. at atrium, bc body cavity, bp brood chamber plug, bpm brood chamber plug muscle, c collar, d diaphragm, e embryo, exc exterior cuticle, ic interior cuticle, ics inter- cuticular space, l lophophore, ooc oocyte, op operculum, rm retractor muscle, sop secondary operculum, t tentacle, ts tentacle sheath, v vestibulum, vw vestibular wall

Fig. 21 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 21 Stereomicroscopic images of whole mounts of gonozooids of six different penetrantiids. a Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. b–c P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. d P. parva from northern New Zealand. e P. parva from southern New Zealand. f P. cf. parva from New Caledonia. g P. clionoides from Guam. h Penetrantia sp. from Japan. bch brood chamber, e embryo, ooc oocyte, op operculum, rm retractor muscle, rp remains of polypide, st stolon

Fig. 19 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 19 Musculature of the lophophore and digestive tract of Penetrantia parva from northern New Zealand. Each image is oriented with the frontal side upwards and the basal side downwards. a, b Overview of an entire autozooid. c Lophophore base. d–e Details of the basal part of the polypide. f Tentacle tip musculature. g Caecum musculature. al abfrontal lophophoral base muscle, bd buccal dilatator, cac cardiac constrictor, cae caecum, db duplicature band, dis diaphragmatic sphincter, es esophagus, fl frontal lophophoral base muscle, lbm lophophoral base muscles, mo mouth opening, op operculum, pd parieto-diaphragmatic muscle, ph pharynx, pm parietal muscles, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, rm retractor muscle, s septum, tt tentacle tips, ttm tentacle muscle, vm "v" shaped lophophoral base muscles

Fig. 20 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 20 Nervous system of an autozooid in Penetrantia parva from northern New Zealand. Based on staining against acetylated alpha-tubulin indicated in green. a–b Apertural innervation. c Visceral innervation. d Lophophoral base innervation. e–f Tentacle innervation. afn abfrontal neurite bundle., cg cerebral ganglion, con circumoral nerve ring, db duplicature band, itp intertentacular pit, mfn mediofrontal neurite bundle, mln medio-lateral visceral neurite bundle, mvn medio-visceral neurite bundle, oo operculum occlusor, op operculum, pm parietal muscles, pp parietal plexus, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, t tentacle

Fig. 18 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 18 Apertural musculature, operculum, and stolon morphology of Penetrantia. a–c Musculature of aperture area in Penetrantia parva from northern New Zealand. d Operculum in P. cf. concharum from northern France. e Operculum and underlying musculature in P. concharum from Sweden. f Operculum and underlying musculature in P. parva from northern New Zealand. g Sac zooid in P. cf. concharum from northern France. h–i Stolonal network in P. cf. concharum from northern France. Asterisk indicates granules within a stolon. db duplicature band, dis diaphragmatic sphincter, oo operculum occlusor, op operculum, pd parieto-diaphragmatic muscle, pm parietal muscles, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, s septum, st stolon, sz sac zooid, ttm tentacle muscles

Fig. 3 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 3 Scanning electron microscopic images of the apertures and opercula of five different penetrantiids. a Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. b P. cf. concharum from northern France. c–e P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. f P. parva from northern New Zealand. g P. parva from southern New Zealand. h P. cf. parva from New Caledonia. i–k Penetrantia sp. from Japan. Asterisk: rough surface area made of calcium carbonate chips. apn apertural notches, bt boring trace, exc exterior cuticle, op operculum, opg opercular groove, st stolon