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2,390 results for “butterflies”
Image 25. Papilio polyctor ganesa Image 26 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 25. Papilio polyctor ganesa Image 26. Troides aeacus (male)
Image 13 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 13. Graphium eurypylus acheron
Image 17 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 17. Papilio epycides epycides
Image 15 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 15. Graphium xenocles xenocles
Image 14 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 14. Graphium chironides chironides
Image 5 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 5. Graphium agetes agetes
Image 10 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 10. Meandrusa payeni evan
Image 6 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 6. Graphium antiphates pompilius
Image 1 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 1. Satellite imagery showing areas covered during field study (Map: Rakesh Saur)
Image 7 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 7. Lamproptera meges indistincta
Image 12 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 12. Graphium evemon albociliatis
Image 9 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 9. Lamproptera curius curius
Image 11 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 11. Graphium sarpedon sarpedon
Image 4a in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 4a. Forest in Tiwarigaon
Image 8 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 8. Lamproptera curius curius
Image 3 in Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Image 3. Mishmi Hills from Dibang River Bed
Full-likelihood genomic analysis clarifies a complex history of species divergence and introgression: the example of the erato-sara group of Heliconius butterflies
<p>Introgressive hybridization plays a key role in adaptive evolution and species diversification in many groups of species. However, frequent hybridization and gene flow between species make estimation of the species phylogeny and key population parameters challenging. Here, we show that by accounting for phasing and using full-likelihood methods, introgression histories and population parameters can be estimated reliably from whole-genome sequence data. We employ the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model with and without gene flow to infer the species phylogeny and cross-species introgression events using genomic data from six members of the <i>erato</i>-<i>sara</i> clade of <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies. The methods naturally accommodate random fluctuations in genealogical history across the genome due to deep coalescence. To avoid heterozygote phasing errors in haploid sequences commonly produced by genome assembly methods, we process and compile unphased diploid sequence alignments and use analytical methods to average over uncertainties in heterozygote phase resolution. There is robust evidence for introgression across the genome, both among distantly related species deep in the phylogeny and between sister species in shallow parts of the tree. We obtain chromosome-specific estimates of key population parameters such as introgression directions, times and probabilities, as well as species divergence times and population sizes for modern and ancestral species. We confirm ancestral gene flow between the <i>sara</i> clade and an ancestral population of <i><span>H. telesiphe</span></i>, a likely hybrid speciation origin for <i>H. hecalesia</i>, and gene flow between the sister species <i><span>H. erato</span></i><span> and <i>H. himera</i></span>. Inferred introgression among ancestral species also explains the history of two chromosomal inversions deep in the phylogeny of the group. This study illustrates how a full-likelihood approach based on the multispecies coalescent makes it possible to extract rich historical information of species divergence and gene flow from genomic data.</p>
Re-emergence and diversification of a specialised antennal lobe morphology in ithomiine butterflies
<p>How an organism's sensory system functions is central to how it navigates its environment. The insect olfactory system is a prominent model for investigating how ecological factors impact sensory reception and processing. Notably, work in Lepidoptera led to the discovery of vastly expanded structures, termed macroglomerular complexes (MGCs), within the primary olfactory processing centre. MGCs typically process pheromonal cues, are usually larger in males, and provide classic examples of how variation in the size of neural structures reflects the importance of sensory cues. Though prevalent across moths, MGCs were lost during the origin of butterflies, consistent with evidence that courtship initiation in butterflies is primarily reliant on visual cues, rather than long distance chemical signals. However, an MGC was recently described in a species of ithomiine butterfly, suggesting that this once lost neural adaptation has re-emerged in this tribe. Here, we show that MGC-like morphologies are widely distributed across ithomiines, but vary in both their structure and prevalence of sexual dimorphism. Based on this interspecific variation we suggest that the ithomiine MGC is involved in processing both plant and pheromonal cues, which have similarities in their chemical constitution, and co-evolved with an increased importance of plant derived chemical compounds.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity in chemical defence allows butterflies to diversify host use strategies
<p>Hostplant specialization is a major force driving ecological niche partitioning and diversification in insect herbivores. The cyanogenic defences of Passiflora plants keeps most herbivores at bay, but not larvae of Heliconius butterflies, which can both sequester and biosynthesize cyanogenic compounds. Here, we demonstrate that both Heliconius cydno chioneus, a host plant generalist, and H. melpomene rosina, a specialist, have remarkable plasticity in their chemical defence. When feeding on Passiflora species with cyanogenic compounds they can readily sequester, both species downregulate the biosynthesis of these compounds. In contrast, when fed on Passiflora plants that do not contain cyanogenic glucosides that can be sequestered, both species increase biosynthesis. This biochemical plasticity comes at a significant fitness cost for specialist like H. m. rosina, as growth rates for this species negatively correlate with biosynthesis levels, but not for a generalist like H. c. chioneus. In exchange, H. m rosina has increased performance when sequestration is possible as on its specialised hostplant. In summary, phenotypic plasticity in biochemical responses to different host plants offers these butterflies the ability to widen their range of potential host within the Passiflora genus, while maintaining their chemical defences.</p>
Figure 1 in Butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) in a heterogeneous area between two biodiversity hotspots in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Figure 1. Location of the study site, the 'Serra do Rola-Moça' State Park (PESRM), in Minas Gerais state, Brazil.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.