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2,911 results for “dispersal”
Appendix Data for Manuscript : Application of OSL surface exposure dating with the use of two-dimensional OSL laser scanning instruments and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
<p>Appendix Data for Manuscript 'Application of OSL surface exposure dating with the use of two-dimensional OSL laser scanning instruments and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy'.</p>
Seed size, seed dispersal traits, and plant dispersion patterns for native and introduced grassland plants
<p>Most terrestrial plants disperse by seeds, yet the relationship between seed mass, seed dispersal traits, and plant dispersion is poorly understood. We quantified seed traits for 48 species of native and introduced plants from grasslands of western Montana, USA, to investigate the relationships between seed traits and plant dispersion patterns. Additionally, because the linkage between dispersal traits and dispersion patterns might be stronger for actively dispersing species, we compared these patterns between native and introduced plants. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of a global trait database, the TRY plant traits database, versus locally collected data for examining these questions.</p> <p>This archive contains species-level data used in analyses, including species metadata (origin, growth form), mean values of measured seed traits (size metrics and type of dispersal structures), two metrics of dispersion (local and broad scales, respectively) derived from grassland surveys in the study region, and information on the seed mass accessed from the TRY traits database. Note that the latter seed mass data could not be included in the archive, but can be acquired directly from the TRY plant traits database (<a href="https://www.try-db.org/TryWeb/Home.php">https://www.try-db.org/TryWeb/Home.php</a>).</p>
Data for: Exploitation competition between seed predators and dispersers introduced to Hawaiian forests
<p>Exploitation competition occurs when one group of organisms reduces the availability of a resource for another group of organisms. For instance, plants produce a certain number of fruits for seed dispersal by fruit-eating animals (hereafter frugivores), and fruit consumption by one group of frugivores can reduce the number of fruits available for other frugivores. However, it is uncertain whether exploitation competition is common among frugivores, particularly in novel ecosystems, where food resources are generally thought to be abundant and invasive species are dietary generalists. In a novel ecosystem in Hawai'i, we used gut passage experiments with captive birds to identify roles of introduced frugivores and found they were either distinctly seed dispersers or predators. We then experimentally tested how frugivory by seed predators influenced frugivory by seed dispersers. Specifically, we used exclosures around fruiting plants that blocked seed predator access, while permitting seed disperser access, and we had two control treatments that allowed for access by all frugivores (n=139 plants). When seed predators were excluded from plants, there was more frugivory by dispersers compared to controls, and results varied by year and plant species. Overall, we show that introduced frugivores occupied distinct ecological roles (seed predator or seed disperser), exploitation competition occurred between these introduced frugivore groups, and seed predators had both direct (via seed destruction) and indirect (via reduction in frugivory by dispersers) effects on seed dispersal. Thus, in this novel ecosystem, multiple frugivory is subtractive, and competition for fruit between introduced seed predators and seed dispersers scales up to affect invasions and the conservation of native flora. </p>
Data from: Seed removal, seed dispersers, and the allocation of tissues in Myrtaceae seeds
<p><span>To avoid seed predation, plants may invest in protective seed tissues. Often related to seed size, allocation in seeds' physical defenses can also be influenced by dispersers. We explore the relationships between seed traits (seed mass and hardness) and seed removal in 22 Myrtaceae species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a dominant and diverse fleshy-fruited taxon dispersed by birds, rodents, and other mammals. Our goal is to understand how seed traits influence seed removal rates, and whether dispersers can affect tissue allocation in the seed coat. Seeds were exposed to field removal experiments. In the lab, total seed mass and seed coat mass were obtained. To evaluate the influence of seed traits on removal, we performed Kruskal-Wallis and Simple Linear Regression tests. We assessed seed coat and seed mass covariation through standardized major-axis allometric regressions. Harder seeds were larger than softer ones. Seed traits affect removal rates, as tougher and heavier seeds had lower removal. Seed mass significantly predicts seed coat proportion in seven of the 14 species tested. Bird-dispersed species tend to exhibit lower proportions of seed coat as seed mass increases, whereas rodent-dispersed species apparently present the opposite trend, with seed coat proportion increasing with seed mass. Such difference may be caused by the contrasting seed predation pressure represented by birds and rodents. Energy allocation for defense, expressed in seed coat proportion, is greater in large seeds, as these are mostly dispersed by rodents whose propensity to cache and disperse seeds is greater for large and well-protected seeds.</span></p>
Code and data for journal article "Maintenance of biodiversity in multitrophic metacommunities: dispersal mode matters"
<p>Code and data for journal article: "Maintenance of biodiversity in multitrophic metacommunities: dispersal mode matters" (Xiaozhou Ye & Shaopeng Wang, Journal of Animal Ecology, 2023).</p> <p>For explanation, refer to readme.txt or github (potentially more up to date): https://github.com/yxz321/fitness_dependent_dispersal</p>
Data for: Dispersal-limited symbionts exhibit unexpectedly wide variation in host specificity
<p>A fundamental aspect of symbiotic relationships is host specificity, ranging from extreme specialists associated with only a single host species to generalists associated with many different species. Although symbionts with limited dispersal capabilities are expected to be host specialists, some are able to associate with multiple hosts. Understanding the micro- and macroevolutionary causes of variations in host specificity is often hindered by sampling biases and the limited power of traditional evolutionary markers. Here, we studied feather mites to address the barriers associated with estimates of host specificity for dispersal-limited symbionts. We sampled feather mites (Proctophyllodidae) from a nearly comprehensive set of North American breeding warblers (Parulidae) to study mite phylogenetic relationships and host-symbiont codiversification. We used pooled-sequencing (Pool-Seq) and short-read Illumina technology to interpret results derived from a traditional barcoding gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) versus 11 protein-coding mitochondrial genes using concatenated and multispecies coalescent approaches. Despite the statistically significant congruence between mite and host phylogenies, mite-host specificity varies widely, and host switching is common regardless of the genetic marker resolution (i.e., barcode versus multilocus). However, the multilocus approach was more effective than the single barcode in detecting the presence of a heterogeneous Pool-Seq sample. These results suggest that presumed symbiont dispersal capabilities are not always strong indicators of host specificity or of historical host-symbiont coevolutionary events. Comprehensive sampling at fine phylogenetic scales may help to better elucidate the microevolutionary filters that impact macroevolutionary processes regulating symbioses, particularly for dispersal-limited symbionts.</p>
Dispersal ability and niche breadth influence interspecific variation in spider abundance and occupancy
<p><span>The relationship between species local abundance and their regional distribution (occupancy) is one of the most extensively recognised and investigated patterns in ecology. While exceptions exist, the generally held model is that locally abundant species also tend to be more widespread geographically. However, there is only a limited understanding of both the mechanisms driving this relationship, and their scale dependency. Here we use occupancy and abundance data for 123 species of spider from across the Canary Islands to understand how both dispersal ability and niche breadth might mediate variation among species for local abundance and occupancy. We test the predictions that (i) dispersal ability explains variation among species for both abundance and occupancy, and (ii) species with a higher degree of habitat specialisation, reflecting more limited niche breadth, will have both higher occupancy and abundance. We find no evidence within habitat patches for an effect of dispersal ability on either local abundance or site occupancy, while across all patches species with higher dispersal ability tend to occupy more sites. Species largely restricted to laurel forests have higher abundance than species with broader niche breadth, but similar occupancy. </span><span>The study revealed that dispersal ability and niche breadth were significant predictors of the abundance-occupancy relationship, highlighting the importance of both factors for understating patterns of abundance and occupancy among spider species.</span></p>
Data associated with studies on the establishment, winter activity, and dispersal of crapemyrtle bark scale
<p>These data files are associated with studies on the establishment, winter activity, and dispersal of crapemyrtle bark scale .</p>
Pollution Dispersion in the city of Augsburg in Blender
<p>This video presents the current state of traffic pollution in the city of Augsburg, Germany. This is a high resolution output of synthesizing satellite imagery with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results via Blender software. The demonstration of road traffic air pollution is based on real data from local air quality measurements. Also, the video shows the situation at a bus shelter which is located on a traffic median in the middle of two opposite roads where several people are waiting every day. Pollutant concentrations are quite high and become more diluted as they rise higher. Then, a solution of planting a series of four trees along the median and next to the station is presented. Planting trees is an effective strategy for passive mitigation of personal exposure to pollution. The concentrations of pollution in front and to the left of the station are considerably lower, making people inhale lower concentrations of pollution on a daily basis. The use of appropriate tools for producing animation in presenting scientific outputs is an important step in effectively promoting environmental strategies. Moreover, there is simplicity in presenting the existing situation and alternative possible scenarios in great accuracy and analysis.The visualization tools used to disseminate this type of scientific outputs are now a necessity in order to sensitize people and to demand the implementation of environmental measures that have as a principle the protection of their health.</p>
Data from: Pollinators and plants as ecosystem engineers: post-dispersal fruits provide new habitats for other organisms
<p><span>Ecosystem engineering consists of</span><span> </span><span>a ubiquitous and fundamental class of interactions where some organisms promote state changes in biotic and abiotic materials which indirectly affect others. Since the concept was created as a counterpoint to traditional flux-based models, pollinators have never been considered to promote ecosystem engineering because they modulate the supply of resources used by seed/fruit consumers. However, dry fruits may persist in the environment for long periods after seed dispersion as empty structures that are an additional alternative for occupancy. These increase the realized niche of some organisms, being a clear example of biogenic habitats. Here, we demonstrate how pollination may boost ecosystem engineering using an illustrative case study based on a specialized interaction between a bee and an orchid with characteristic capsular fruits. We demonstrate that the orchid is fully dependent on the pollinator to set fruits. Post-dispersal fruits are voluminous and remain attached to the plant for several years. By investigating the occupation patterns of arthropods, we show that post-dispersal fruits are</span><span> </span><span>highly suitable for occupants when compared to pre-dispersal and dispersing fruits. Only 13.3% of post-dispersal fruits were never occupied, 33.3% had organisms inside and </span><span>53.3</span><span>% showed</span><span> </span><span>signs of previous occupation. We propose that pollinators are allogenic engineers and plants autogenic, since they promote state changes through their actions and their</span><span> </span><span>own physical structure, respectively. Thus, pollination is a case of cooperative ecosystem engineering whereby the effects of the interaction between two or more species expand habitat suitability. Since most plants rely on pollination to set fruits, we suggest that pollination-mediated engineering constitutes a widespread phenomenon. This offers a new perspective about the effects of pollination in nature, highlighting the importance of pollinators and opening new avenues of investigation of ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity maintenance.</span></p>
Effects of fluid saturation and viscosity on seismic dispersion characteristics in Berea sandstone
<p>These are the supplementary data files for a paper submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), "Effects of fluid saturation and viscosity on seismic dispersion characteristics in Berea sandstone". The uploaded excel files are the actual datasets of forced-oscillation and ultrasonic measurements. Detailed information is described in the word file. In addition, three Matlab code files used for data analysis are uploaded. </p>
Figure 2 in Expanding Population Edge Craniometrics and Genetics Provide Insights into Dispersal of Commensal Rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Figure 2. Sampling locations for skulls included in the craniometric analysis.
Density dependence of seed dispersal and fecundity profoundly alters the spread dynamics of plant populations
<ol> <li>Plant population spread has fundamental ecological and evolutionary importance. Both determinants of plant population spread, fecundity and dispersal, can be density-dependent, which should cause feedback between population densities and spread dynamics. Yet it is poorly understood how density-dependence affects key characteristics of spread: spread rate at which the location of the furthest forward individual moves, edge depth (the geographical area over which individuals contribute to spread) and population continuity (occupancy of the spreading population).</li> <li>We present a general modelling framework for analysing the effects of density-dependent fecundity and dispersal on population spread and parameterize this framework with experimental data from a common-garden experiment using five wind-dispersed plant species grown at different densities. </li> <li>Our model shows that density-dependent fecundity and dispersal strongly affect all three population spread characteristics for both exponential and lognormal dispersal kernels. Spread rate and edge depth are strongly correlated but show weaker correlations with population continuity. Positive density-dependence of fecundity increases all three spread characteristics. Increasingly positive density-dependence of dispersal increases spread rate and edge depth but generally decreases population continuity. Density-dependent fecundity and dispersal are largely additive in their effect on spread characteristics. For population continuity, the joint effects of density-dependent fecundity and dispersal are somewhat contingent on the dispersal kernel.</li> <li>The common-garden experiment and the experimentally parameterized mechanistic dispersal model revealed density-dependent fecundity and dispersal across study species. All study species exhibited negative density-dependent fecundity, but they differed qualitatively in the density-dependence of dispersal distance and probability of long-distance dispersal. The negative density-dependence of fecundity and dispersal found for three species reinforced each other in reducing spread rate and edge depth. The positively density-dependent dispersal found for two species markedly increased spread rate and edge depth. Population continuity was hardly affected by population density in all study species except Crepis sancta in which it was strongly reduced by negatively density-dependent fecundity.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>. Density-dependent fecundity and seed dispersal profoundly alter population spread. In particular, positively density-dependent dispersal should promote the spread and genetic diversity of plant populations migrating under climate change but also complicate the control of invasive species.</li> </ol>
Niche breadth explains the range size of European-centred butterflies, but dispersal ability does not
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong><span>:</span><span> The breadth of ecological niches and dispersal abilities have long been discussed as important determinants of species' range sizes. However, studies directly comparing the relative effects of both factors are rare, taxonomically biased and revealed inconsistent results.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span> <span>Europe.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Time period</strong>:</span><span> Cenozoic.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Major taxa</strong>:</span><span> Butterflies, Lepidoptera.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We relate climate, diet, and habitat niche breadth and two indicators of dispersal ability, wingspan and a dispersal tendency index, to the global range size of 369 European-centred butterfly species. The relative effects of these five predictors and their variation across the butterfly phylogeny were assessed by means of phylogenetic generalized least squares models and phylogenetically weighted regressions, respectively.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Climate niche breadth was the most important single predictor, followed by habitat and diet niche breadth, while dispersal tendency and wingspan showed no relation to species' range size. All predictors together explained 59% of the variation in butterfly range size. However, the effects of each predictor varied considerably across families and genera.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>:</span><span> Range sizes of European-centred butterflies are strongly correlated with ecological niche breadth but apparently independent of dispersal ability. The magnitude of range size – niche breadth relationships is not stationary across the phylogeny and is often negatively correlated across the different dimensions of the ecological niche. This variation limits the generalizability of range size–trait relationships across broad taxonomic groups.</span></p>
From seed dispersal service to reproductive collapse: density-dependent outcome of a palm-mammal interaction
<p>Interspecific ecological interactions are inherently context-dependent. They may vary in both magnitude and sign depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions, depicting a mutualism-antagonism continuum. However, how population abundances and the activity of interacting species modulate these interactions remains underexplored. Here, we chose the interaction between the Mediterranean palm <em>Chamaerops</em> <em>humilis</em> and the feral goat <em>Capra</em> <em>hircus</em> in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We selected three study plots with low, intermediate and high intensities of goat activity where we characterized palm distribution, seed rain, seed predation, and early palm recruitment during two consecutive years. Since goats can cause both costs (e.g. florivory) and benefits (e.g. seed dispersal) to <em>C. humilis</em> performance, we investigated the following three questions: (1) Does the spatial distribution of adult palms vary depending on the intensity of goat activity? (2) Does the intensity of goat activity influence seed rain and its potential spatial association with adult palms? (3) To what extent does the intensity of goat activity determine post-dispersal events such as seed predation and seedling emergence? We found that adult palms showed a more clumped and complex distribution (double-cluster process) in plots with low and intermediate goat activity compared to that with high goat activity (simple-cluster process). In the low goat activity plot, dispersed seeds were spatially aggregated around adult palms, showing twice insect-seed predation and nearly three times lower seed germination success than those in the intermediate goat activity plot. Palm seed dispersal and recruitment were almost nil in the high goat activity plot due to heavy consumption of palm inflorescences and developing fruits by goats. Our findings demonstrate how the net outcome of plant-animal interactions can change from mutualism to antagonism, from reproductive service to reproductive collapse, depending on the abundance and the activity of the interacting species.</p>
Haemanthus deformis seed dispersal data
<p>Most plants with fleshy fruits have seeds that are ingested by animals, but a less well-understood mode of seed dispersal involves fleshy fruits containing seeds that are discarded by frugivorous animals because they are too large or toxic to be ingested. We studied the seed dispersal biology of <em>Haemanthus</em> <em>deformis</em>, an amaryllid lily species found in a mosaic of bush clumps in a grassland matrix in South Africa. We asked whether seed dispersal is directed in and among bush clumps and whether germination and survival are greater for seeds dispersed to bush clumps than to those dispersed into grassland. Using camera trapping, we found that fruits are consumed mainly by birds and rodents. The pulp was removed from the seeds which were then discarded without ingestion. Whilst many seeds were dispersed close to the parent plant, most (c. 78.5%) were dispersed further than one meter away from the parent plant. Longer distance dispersal resulted mainly from birds flying off with seeds in their bill or from rodents engaging in scatter-hoarding behaviour. Seedling survival was most successful within bush clumps as compared to grasslands and shade was identified as a primary requirement for seedling survival. Seeds from which the fruit pulp had been removed germinated faster than those in intact fruits. <em>Haemanthus</em> <em>deformis</em> deploys a system of directed seed dispersal, whereby both birds and rodents contribute to dispersal of seeds within patchy bush clumps that are favourable for seedling survival.</p>
Biophysical data for: Dispersive currents explain patterns of population connectivity in an ecologically and economically important fish
<p><span>How to identify the drivers of population connectivity remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. Answering this question can be challenging in aquatic environments where dynamic lake and ocean currents coupled with high levels of dispersal and gene flow can decrease the utility of modern population genetic tools. To address this challenge, we used RAD-Seq to genotype 959 yellow perch (<em>Perca flavescens</em>), a species with an ~40-day pelagic larval duration (PLD), collected from 20 sites circumscribing Lake Michigan. We also developed a novel, integrative approach that couples detailed biophysical models with eco-genetic agent-based models to generate 'predictive' values of genetic differentiation. By comparing predictive and empirical values of genetic differentiation, we estimated the relative contributions for known drivers of population connectivity (<em>e.g</em>., currents, behavior, PLD). For the main basin populations (<em>i.e</em>., the largest contiguous portion of the lake), we found that high gene flow led to low overall levels of genetic differentiation among populations (<em>F<sub>ST</sub></em> = 0.003). By far the best predictors of genetic differentiation were connectivity matrices that were derived from periods of time when there were strong and highly dispersive currents. Thus, these highly dispersive currents are driving the patterns of population connectivity in the main basin. We also found that populations from the northern and southern main basin are slightly divergent from one another, while those from Green Bay and the main basin are highly divergent (<em>F<sub>ST</sub></em> = 0.11). By integrating biophysical and eco-genetic models with genome-wide data, we illustrate that the drivers of population connectivity can be identified in high gene flow systems.</span></p>
Evidence that long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by ducks increases with propagule size
<ol> <li> <span>Migratory ducks are key dispersal agents for aquatic organisms, yet </span><span>differences in their potential for short- and long-distance dispersal are still poorly understood, particularly differences among </span><span>aquatic invertebrate taxa</span><span>. </span> </li> <li> <span>Using seven species of </span><span>aquatic invertebrates and </span><span>a duck species known to feed on them in the wild (the northern shoveler) </span><span>as a model system, we evaluated whether their potential for endozoochorous dispersal varies among 5 of the species and scales with propagule size for the 7 species. We also tested the expectation of a lower dispersal potential for invertebrate propagules, as compared to plant seeds; and evaluated whether intra-specific variation (in particular, sexual dimorphism) influences the potential of waterbirds as dispersal vectors. </span> </li> <li><span>An experiment with 5 invertebrate species demonstrated that most resting eggs (68–95%) were retrieved by 4 h after ingestion, with maximum gut passage times ranging from 16 h for <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> to 36 h for <em>Artemia</em> <em>salina</em> and <em>Thamnocephalus</em> <em>platyurus</em>. Using models that combine migratory duck movements with gut passage times, we show that aquatic invertebrates may disperse frequently over distances of 15–16 km (median dispersal distance) and regularly over distances up to 110–166 km (Q99 distance). </span></li> <li> <span>I</span><span>ncreasing propagule size resulted in increasing gut passage times, decreasing survival of gut passage and decreasing hatching success. While propagule size had no effects on 'regular' dispersal distances (mean, median, Q95 and Q99), the frequency of long-distance dispersal (LDD) increased with it. </span> </li> <li><span>Increasing propagule size therefore had two contrasting effects on invertebrate dispersal potential, decreasing the frequency of dispersal (less seeds dispersed) but increasing the potential for long-distance dispersal. </span></li> <li><span><em>Conclusions</em>: We provide evidence that endozoochory of invertebrate propagules by waterbirds results in frequent dispersal among wetlands (tens of km) and regular dispersal at regional scale (over a hundred km).</span></li> </ol>
Direct and indirect estimates of dispersal support strong juvenile philopatry and male-biased dispersal in a freshwater turtle species (Emys orbicularis)
<p><span>Dispersal has major impacts on population dynamics, population genetics and evolution and is also critical for population management and conservation. Dispersal is frequently sex- and age-specific, but current knowledge is strongly taxonomically biased toward birds and mammals. Here, we provide estimates of dispersal in a threatened freshwater turtle species, the European pond turtle <em>Emys</em> <em>orbicularis.</em> Based on 15 years of Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) monitoring and DNA samples from 194 individuals, we quantified both demographic and genetic dispersal between three sites separated by 1.5 to 3.5 km. We also investigated the effect of age and sex on dispersal. Overall, direct (CMR) and indirect (genetic) approaches provided consistent results showing that the studied sites are well connected with a flow of about one to three dozen migrants per generation. Dispersal was both age- and sex-biased in this species, with frequent dispersal of adult males and a strong philopatry of juveniles (of both sexes) and adult females. The strong philopatry of juveniles contrasts with the recurrent higher dispersal rate in young birds and mammals and shows the relevance of investigating dispersal in various taxonomic groups. Our results also provide useful information for the conservation of European pond turtle populations.</span></p>
Cell behaviors underlying Myxococcus xanthus aggregate dispersal
<p>The soil bacterium Myxococcus <em> xanthus</em> is a model organism with a set of diverse behaviors. These behaviors include the starvation-induced multicellular development program, in which cells move collectively to assemble multicellular aggregates. After initial aggregates have formed, some will disperse, with smaller aggregates having a higher chance of dispersal. Initial aggregation is driven by two changes in cell behavior: cells slow down inside of aggregates and bias their motion by reversing direction less frequently when moving towards aggregates. </p> <p>However, the cell behaviors that drive dispersal are unknown. Here we use fluorescent microscopy to quantify changes in cell behavior after initial aggregates have formed. We observe that after initial aggregate formation, cells adjust the bias in reversal timings by initiating reversals more rapidly when approaching unstable aggregates. Using agent-based modeling, we then show dispersal is predominantly generated by this change in bias, which is strong enough to overcome slowdown inside aggregates. Notably, the change in reversal bias is correlated with the nearest aggregate’s size, connecting cellular activity to previously observed correlations between aggregate size and fate. To determine if this connection is consistent across strains, we analyze a second M. <em>xanthus</em> strain with reduced levels of dispersal. We find that far fewer cells near smaller aggregates modified their bias. This implies that aggregate dispersal is under genetic control, providing a foundation for further investigations into the role it plays in the life cycle of M. <em> xanthus</em>.</p> <p> </p>
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