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2,412 results for “independent”
Data from: Suppression of overlearning in independent component analysis used for removal of muscular artifacts from electroencephalographic records
This paper addresses the overlearning problem in the independent component analysis (ICA) used for the removal of muscular artifacts from electroencephalographic (EEG) records. We note that for short EEG records with high number of channels the ICA fails to separate artifact-free EEG and muscular artifacts, which has been previously attributed to the phenomenon called overlearning. We address this problem by projecting an EEG record into several subspaces with a lower dimension, and perform the ICA on each subspace separately. Due to a reduced dimension of the subspaces, the overlearning is suppressed, and muscular artifacts are better separated. Once the muscular artifacts are removed, the signals in the individual subspaces are combined to provide an artifact free EEG record. We show that for short signals and high number of EEG channels our approach outperforms the currently available ICA based algorithms for muscular artifact removal. The proposed technique can efficiently suppress ICA overlearning for short signal segments of high density EEG signals.
Data from: Multiple molecular data sets suggest independent origins of highly eusocial behavior in bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae)
Different views of the pattern of social evolution among the highly eusocial bees have arisen as a result of discordance between past molecular and morphology-based phylogenies. Here we present new data and taxa for four molecular data sets and reassess the morphological characters available to date. We show that there is no significant character incongruence between four molecular data sets (two nuclear and two mitochondrial) but that there is highly significant character incongruence, which leads to topological incongruence, between the molecular and morphological data. We investigate the effects of using different outgroup combinations to root the estimated tree. We also consider various ways in which biases in the sequence data could be misleading, employing several maximum likelihood models, LogDet corrections, and spectral analyses. Ultimately, we concede that there is strong discordance between the molecular and morphological data partitions, and that the conditional combination approach is appropriately applied in this case. We also find for the molecular trees that there are two equally well supported placements of the root, one supported by 16S and 28S sequences, the other supported by cyt b and opsin. The strength of the evidence leads us to accept two equally well supported hypotheses based on analyses of the molecular data sets. These are the most rigorously supported hypotheses of corbiculate bee relationships at this time, and frame our argument that highly eusocial behavior within the corbiculate bees evolved twice independently.
Data from: Independent and interactive effects of immune activation and larval diet on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella)
Organisms in the wild are likely to face multiple immune challenges as well as additional ecological stressors, yet their interactive effects on immune function are poorly understood. Insects are found to respond to cues of increased infection risk by enhancing their immune capacity. However, such adaptive plasticity in immune function may be limited by physiological and environmental constraints. Here, we investigated the effects of two environmental stressors – poor larval diet and an artificial parasite-like immune challenge at the pupal stage – on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). Males whose immune system was activated with an artificial parasite-like immune challenge had weaker immune response – measured as strength of encapsulation response – as adults compared to the control groups, but only when raised in highnutrition larval diet. Immune activation did not negatively affect adult immune response in males reared in low-nutrition larval diet, indicating that poor larval diet improved the capacity of the insects to respond to repeated immune challenges. Low-nutrition larval diet also had a positive independent effect on immune capacity in females, yet it negatively affected development time and adult body mass in both sexes. As in the nature immune challenges are rarely isolated, and adverse nutritional environment may indicate an elevated risk of infection, resilience to repeated immune challenges as a response to poor nutritional environment could provide a significant fitness advantage. This study highlights the importance of considering environmental context when investigating the effects of immune activation in insects.
Data from: Thermal fluctuations affect the transcriptome through mechanisms independent of average temperature
Terrestrial ectotherms are challenged by variation in both mean and variance of temperature. Phenotypic plasticity (thermal acclimation) might mitigate adverse effects, however, we lack a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermal acclimation and how they are affected by fluctuating temperature. Here we investigated the effect of thermal acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster on critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and associated global gene expression profiles as induced by two constant and two ecologically relevant (non-stressful) diurnally fluctuating temperature regimes. Both mean and fluctuation of temperature contributed to thermal acclimation and affected the transcriptome. The transcriptomic response to mean temperatures comprised modification of a major part of the transcriptome, while the response to fluctuations affected a much smaller set of genes, which was highly independent of both the response to a change in mean temperature and to the classic heat shock response. Although the independent transcriptional effects caused by fluctuations were relatively small, they are likely to contribute to our understanding of thermal adaptation. We provide evidence that environmental sensing, particularly phototransduction, is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of thermal acclimation to fluctuating temperatures. Thus, genes and pathways involved in phototransduction are likely of importance in fluctuating climates.
Data from: Lineage-independent retrotransposition of UTP14 associated with male fertility has occurred multiple times throughout mammalian evolution
In mammals, gamete production is essential for reproductive success. This is particularly true for males where large quantities of sperm are produced to fertilize a limited number of eggs released by the female. Because of this, new genes associated with increased spermatogenic efficiency have been accumulating throughout the evolution of therian mammals. Many of these new genes are testis-specific retrotransposed copies of housekeeping genes located on the X chromosome. Of particular interest are retrotransposed copies of UTP14 that are present in many distantly related eutherian mammals. Analysis of genomic data available in ENSEMBL indicates that these UTP14 retrogenes have arisen independently in the various eutherian clades. They represent an interesting aspect of evolution whereby new homologues of UTP14 have become independently fixed in multiple mammalian lineages due to the reproductive advantage that may be conferred to males. Surprisingly, these genes may also be lost, even after being present within a lineage for millions of years. This phenomenon may potentially be used to delineate evolutionary trees in closely related groups of mammals, particularly in the case of South American primates. Studying these retrogenes will yield new insights into the evolutionary history of male gamete production and the phylogeny of eutherian mammals.
Data from: HDAC1/2-dependent P0 expression maintains paranodal and nodal integrity independently of myelin stability through interactions with neurofascins
The pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies in adults is linked to maintenance mechanisms that are not well understood. Here, we elucidate a novel critical maintenance mechanism for Schwann cell (SC)–axon interaction. Using mouse genetics, ablation of the transcriptional regulators histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) in adult SCs severely affected paranodal and nodal integrity and led to demyelination/remyelination. Expression levels of the HDAC1/2 target gene myelin protein zero (P0) were reduced by half, accompanied by altered localization and stability of neurofascin (NFasc)155, NFasc186, and loss of Caspr and septate-like junctions. We identify P0 as a novel binding partner of NFasc155 and NFasc186, both in vivo and by in vitro adhesion assay. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HDAC1/2-dependent P0 expression is crucial for the maintenance of paranodal/nodal integrity and axonal function through interaction of P0 with neurofascins. In addition, we show that the latter mechanism is impaired by some P0 mutations that lead to late onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Data from: Distinct neural and neuromuscular strategies underlie independent evolution of simplified advertisement calls
Independent or convergent evolution can underlie phenotypic similarity of derived behavioural characters. Determining the underlying neural and neuromuscular mechanisms sheds light on how these characters arose. One example of evolutionarily derived characters is a temporally simple advertisement call of male African clawed frogs (Xenopus) that arose at least twice independently from a more complex ancestral pattern. How did simplification occur in the vocal circuit? To distinguish shared from divergent mechanisms, we examined activity from the calling brain and vocal organ (larynx) in two species that independently evolved simplified calls. We find that each species uses distinct neural and neuromuscular strategies to produce the simplified calls. Isolated Xenopus borealis brains produce fictive vocal patterns that match temporal patterns of actual male calls; the larynx converts nerve activity faithfully into muscle contractions and single clicks. In contrast, fictive patterns from isolated Xenopus boumbaensis brains are short bursts of nerve activity; the isolated larynx requires stimulus bursts to produce a single click of sound. Thus, unlike X. borealis, the output of the X. boumbaensis hindbrain vocal pattern generator is an ancestral burst-type pattern, transformed by the larynx into single clicks. Temporally simple advertisement calls in genetically distant species of Xenopus have thus arisen independently via reconfigurations of central and peripheral vocal neuroeffectors.
Winter is coming: harsh environments limit independent reproduction of cooperative-breeding queens in a socially polymorphic ant
<p><span>Animals that live in cooperative breeding groups frequently inhabit harsh environments. It is widely accepted that harsh environments hinder independent reproduction, and this constraint favours individuals staying in family groups. Yet the assumption that harsh ecological conditions reduce the success of members of cooperative breeding groups when breeding independently has not been experimentally tested. We addressed this shortcoming using the socially polymorphic Alpine silver ant, <i>Formica selysi</i>. This species has single-queen (independent breeders), and multiple-queen (cooperative breeders) colonies</span><span> coexisting within populations</span><span>. We placed newly mated queens emerging from each type of colony to breed alone in either a harsh or mild winter condition and recorded their </span>brood production and survival.<span> Queens emerging from single-queen colonies were unaffected by the winter condition and had higher survival and larger broods than queens from multiple-queen colonies. In contrast, queens from multiple-queen colonies had higher mortality after a harsh than after a mild winter. These results support the long-held assumption that harsh environments constrain independent reproduction of members of cooperative breeding groups. </span></p>
Dataset and Code Accompanying the Study by Medina-Vega et al. in Nature Ecology & Evolution: Tropical Tree Ectomycorrhiza Are Distributed Independently of Soil Nutrients
<p>This Zenodo repository contains the code and the processed dataset used in the research paper titled "Tropical tree ectomycorrhiza are distributed independently of soil nutrients" published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. In this study, we investigate the distribution and abundance of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees in lowland tropical forests and their relationship with soil quality.</p><p><strong>Key Finding</strong>: EcM-associated trees' distribution and abundance in lowland tropical forests are independent of soil quality.</p><p><strong>Contents</strong>:</p><ol><li><strong>Code (</strong>CODE_COARSE_SCALE.R and CODE_FINE_SCALE.R<strong>)</strong>: Contains the R scripts used for data analysis.</li><li><strong>Processed Dataset</strong> (PCs_prop_EcM.csv): Includes the processed data for the fine-scale analysis.</li><li><strong>README</strong>: Provides detailed information on how to use the code, interpret the dataset, and access additional required information.</li></ol><p><strong>Data Access Information</strong>:</p><ul><li>To perform the full analyses, please request additional data from the Principal Investigators (PIs) of the plots.</li><li>ForestGEO plot data can be obtained upon request through the ForestGEO portal at http://ctfs.si.edu/datarequest/.</li><li>Refer to Extended Data Table 1 in the manuscript for a comprehensive list of data sources.</li></ul>
Evolving therapies, neurocognitive outcomes, and functional independence in adult survivors of childhood glioma
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High prevalence of Prdm9-independent recombination hotspots in placental mammals
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METHODS OF TEACHING STUDENTS TO THINK INDEPENDENTLY IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES.
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HISTORY OF THE IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM OF TRAINING SPECIALISTS FOR THE FIELD OF COMMUNICATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
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ELECTRONIC RESOURCES AND THEIR ROLE IN ORGANIZING STUDENTS' INDEPENDENT WORK
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COOPERATIVE EDUCATION IS THE BASIS OF ENSURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDEPENDENT EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-READINESS OF STUDENTS.
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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE INDEPENDENT EDUCATION OF STUDENTS IN THE SCIENCE OF DRAWING
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Data supporting "Aerobic methane production in Scots pine shoots is independent of drought or photosynthesis"
<p>Data supporting our New Phytologist publication "Aerobic methane production in Scots pine shoots is independent of drought or photosynthesis"</p>
2024 dataset on independent researchers collected from OpenAlex
<p>This dataset belongs to a paper about independent researchers submitted for the STI conference 2024 (https://sti2024.org/). It consists of several files described below. The data is from OpenAlex, collected through the InSySPo instance of the february snapshot of OpenAlex, hosted on Google Cloud. Since Topics are a new feature of OpenAlex data and therefore not part of the snapshot, this data as well as some other data not available at the InSySPo instance at the time of collection have been collected through the OpenAlex API, and incorporated in the files. Data from Scopus and Web of Science may be retrieved by using the search string in the appendix of the article.</p> <p><strong>Files all domains</strong></p> <p><em>240307_open_alex_works.tsv</em></p> <p>contains all works retrieved with the search string for Independent researchers in OpenAlex in the article's appendix.</p> <p><strong>Files Social Sciences and/or Arts & Humanities</strong></p> <p><em>240312_open_alex_works_soc_sci_arts_2010.tsv</em></p> <p>contains articles by Independent researchers in Social Sciences and Humanities published from 2010 and retrieved from OpenAlex.</p> <p><em>240312_open_alex_authors_soc_sci_arts_2010.tsv</em></p> <p>contains authors who are Independent researchers in Social Sciences and Humanities published from 2010 and retrieved from OpenAlex.</p> <p><em>240313_open_alex_authors_all_works_soc_sci_arts_2010.tsv</em></p> <p>contains all works by Independent researchers in Social Sciences and Humanities published from 2010 and retrieved from OpenAlex. All works mean that the researcher has at least once indicated independent status in the affiliation, and the author's other works are also included.</p> <p><em>author_distribution_domain1.csv</em></p> <p>contains number of works per number of authors in the domain Social Sciences (includes Arts & Humanities).</p> <p><em>author_distribution_field33.csv</em></p> <p>contains number of works per number of authors in the field Social Sciences.</p> <p><em>author_distribution_field12.csv</em></p> <p>contains number of works per number of authors in the field Arts & Humanities.</p> <p><em>all_ssh_oa.csv</em></p> <p>contains data for analyzing open access patterns for the domain Social Sciences (includes Arts & Humanities).</p>
Box 2 in Towards a global list of accepted species III. Independence and stakeholder inclusion
Box 2 Main steps in the global listing process
Data from: Orientation of mouse H19 ICR affects imprinted H19 gene expression through promoter methylation–dependent and –independent mechanisms
<p>The mouse <em>Igf2/H19</em> locus is regulated by genomic imprinting, in which the paternally methylated <em>H19</em> imprinting control region (ICR) plays a critical role in mono-allelic expression of the genes in the locus. Although the maternal allele–specific insulator activity of the <em>H19</em> ICR in regulating imprinted <em>Igf2</em> expression has been well established, the detailed mechanism by which the <em>H19</em> ICR controls mono-allelic <em>H19</em> gene expression has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of <em>H19</em> ICR orientation on imprinting regulation in mutant mice in which the <em>H19</em> ICR sequence was inverted at the endogenous locus. When the inverted-ICR allele was paternally inherited, the methylation level of the <em>H19</em> promoter was decreased and the <em>H19</em> gene was derepressed, suggesting that methylation of the <em>H19</em> promoter is essential for complete repression of <em>H19</em> gene expression. Unexpectedly, when the inverted allele was maternally inherited, the expression level of the <em>H19</em> gene was lower than that of the WT allele, even though the <em>H19</em> promoter remained fully hypomethylated. These observations suggested that the polarity of the <em>H19</em> ICR is involved in controlling imprinted <em>H19</em> gene expression on each parental allele, dependent or independent on DNA methylation of the <em>H19</em> promoter.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.