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opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

FIG. 4 in Response of American Toads and Their Invertebrate Prey to Experimentally Elevated Soil pH

FIG. 4. Invertebrate abundances collected on day 0 (A) and day 91 (B) from subplots with three different enclosure treatments (NE ¼ No Enclosures: no enclosures present; NT ¼ No Toads: enclosures present and no toads; T ¼ Toads: enclosures present with toads). Data are mean 6 1 s.e. For each invertebrate grouping where the overall model was significant, enclosure types with the same letter were not different at P, 0.05 from post hoc tests.

opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

FIG. 3 in Response of American Toads and Their Invertebrate Prey to Experimentally Elevated Soil pH

FIG. 3. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of invertebrate community composition on day 0 (A) and day 91 (B). Soil pH treatment group scores and standard errors are represented by symbol type and line type (sites with elevated soil pH—solid shapes, solid line; sites with acidified soils—open shapes, dashed line). Forests are represented by symbol shape (CWRU Farm—circle; Schoop Forest— triangle; Pierson Creek Forest—square).

opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

FIG. 2 in Response of American Toads and Their Invertebrate Prey to Experimentally Elevated Soil pH

FIG. 2. American Toad survival (proportion of initial toads located, n ¼ 4 toads per enclosure initially) and body mass over 90 days within enclosures located in forest plots with elevated soil pH (circles and solid line) and forest plots with acidified soils (triangles and dashed line). (A) Proportion of American Toads located in each enclosure within each soil pH treatment after 25, 60, and 90 days. Data are mean per soil pH treatment at each census period 6 1 s.e. (B) American Toad mass in each enclosure within each soil pH treatment at the start of the study and after 25, 60, and 90 days. Mean toad mass was calculated per enclosure at each census period. Data are mean per soil pH treatment at each census period 6 1 s.e.

opennotspecifiedAug 2024View details →

NMNH Invertebrate Zoology

Within the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, scientists conduct original research on all 30 major invertebrate animal groups (phyla) of the world (except insects), and are stewards for the 35 million specimens of invertebrates that comprise the U.S. National Collection. The study of invertebrates offers great challenges and opportunities to contribute to the world__s knowledge of these organisms. https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/

opennotspecifiedAug 2024View details →

NMNH Invertebrate Zoology

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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Dataset for "Insect frass from upcycling vegetable by-products with cereals: effects on the soil properties, plant development and soil invertebrate fitness"

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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Viability selection by invertebrate predators in the polyphenic scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica

Predation is a major factor influencing the fitness and life history of animals. Two key traits affecting prey survival are body size and coloration. Sepsis thoracica males display a sigmoid relationship between these two traits, defining a size threshold above which investment in melanin drastically drops, producing small melanic (black) or large amber morphs. In trying to understand the evolution of this rare dimorphism, we performed laboratory predation experiments to estimate the intensity of adult viability selection exerted by various arthropod predators (bugs, flies, spiders) on male body size and coloration. Selection was performed against two different backgrounds mimicking the natural habitat (dung and grass) in which the camouflage and/or warning effect of the morphs should vary. Body size was mainly under positive selection (larger survived better), which overpowered selection on coloration and varied somewhat among predator species but not backgrounds. No disruptive selection was found, nor did selection change the sigmoid relationship between the two traits. We conclude that, for this fly, predator evasion and escaping skills determined by body size are more effective against invertebrate predators than its conspicuousness determined by coloration, contrasting what has been found for vertebrate predators, where prey coloration is important and negative selection on size dominates. Because arthropod predators have strong effects on insect populations, the positive directional selection imposed by invertebrate predators is likely an important force driving the evolution of body size in S. thoracica and insects in general.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Habitat connectivity and in-stream vegetation control temporal variability of benthic invertebrate communities

One of the key challenges to understanding patterns of β diversity is to disentangle deterministic patterns from stochastic ones. Stochastic processes may mask the influence of deterministic factors on community dynamics, hindering identification of the mechanisms causing variation in community composition. We studied temporal β diversity (among-year dissimilarity) of macroinvertebrate communities in near-pristine boreal streams across 14 years. To assess whether the observed β diversity deviates from that expected by chance, and to identify processes (deterministic vs. stochastic) through which different explanatory factors affect community variability, we used a null model approach. We observed that at the majority of sites temporal β diversity was low indicating high community stability. When stochastic variation was unaccounted for, connectivity was the only variable explaining temporal β diversity, with weakly connected sites exhibiting higher community variability through time. After accounting for stochastic effects, connectivity lost importance, suggesting that it was related to temporal β diversity via random colonization processes. Instead, β diversity was best explained by in-stream vegetation, community variability decreasing with increasing bryophyte cover. These results highlight the potential of stochastic factors to dampen the influence of deterministic processes, affecting our ability to understand and predict changes in biological communities through time.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Diversity and abundance of macro‐invertebrates on abandoned cattle kraals in a semi‐arid savanna

Abandoned cattle (Bos taurus) kraals are sources of habitat heterogeneity in dystrophic semi‐arid African savannas with a strong positive effect on soil nutrients and plant productivity. However, little is known regarding how macro‐invertebrate assemblages vary between abandoned kraals and the surrounding savanna matrix. We tested whether herbaceous biomass and basal and aerial covers and soil nutrients have an effect on aboveground and belowground macro‐invertebrate assemblages. Twelve abandoned kraals were contrasted with their paired control plots for soil characteristics, herbaceous productivity, and macro‐invertebrate assemblages in Save Valley Conservancy, Zimbabwe. Abandoned kraals had significantly higher concentrations of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) as well as herbaceous biomass and basal and aerial covers than control plots. Both aboveground and belowground macro‐invertebrate species richness were higher on abandoned kraals. However, only belowground macro‐invertebrate diversity (Shannon H′ and Hill number 1) was significantly higher on abandoned kraals. Soil nutrients and herbaceous productivity had positive and significant correlations with the dominant taxa (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera, and Myriapoda) on abandoned kraals. These results add to the growing body of evidence that abandoned kraals exert significant effects on savanna spatial heterogeneity years later, with implications on ecosystem processes and functioning.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Genomic evidence for speciation with gene flow in broadcast spawning marine invertebrates

How early stages of speciation in free-spawning marine invertebrates proceeds is poorly understood. The Western Pacific abalones, Hatiois discus, H. madaka, and H. gigantea occur in sympatry with shared breeding season and are capable of producing viable F1 hybrids in spite of being ecologically differentiated. Population genomic analyses revealed that although the three species are genetically distinct, there is evidence for historical and ongoing gene flow among these species. Evidence from demographic modeling suggests that reproductive isolation among the three species started to build in allopatry and have proceeded with gene flow, possibly driven by ecological selection. We identified 27 differentiation islands between the closely related H. discus and H. madaka characterized by high FST and dA, but not high dXY values, as well as high genetic diversity in one H. madaka population. These genomic signatures suggest differentiation driven by recent ecological divergent selection in presence of gene flow outside of the genomic islands of differentiation. The differentiation islands showed low polymorphism in H. gigantea, and both high FST, dXY, and dA values between H. discus and H. gigantea, as well as between H. madaka and H. gigantea. Collectively, the western Pacific abalones appear to occupy the early stages speciation continuum, and the differentiation islands associated with ecological divergence among the abalones do not appear to have acted as barrier loci to gene flow in the younger divergences but appear to do so in older divergences.

Figure 8 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 8. Bayesian inference tree from known and newly sequenced Mononchoides macrospiculum and Teratorhabditis synpapillata based on sequences of the 28S rDNA region. Bayesian posterior probabilities (%) are given for each clade. The scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site.

Figure 7 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 7. Bayesian inference tree from known and newly sequenced Mononchoides macrospiculum and Teratorhabditis synpapillata based on sequences of the 18S rDNA region. Bayesian posterior probabilities (%) are given for each clade. The scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site.

Figure 6 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 6. Trichouropoda sp. (scanning electron microscopy). (a–d) Idiosoma in dorsal, ventral, subventral and lateral views, respectively (arrows in (b) pointing to the peritremes, arrow in (c) pointing to the right stigma); (e) right stigma (arrow); (f) dorsal setae; (g, h) idiosoma anterior end in dorsal and ventral views, respectively (arrow pointing to the tritostemium); (i) right leg III (arrow pointing to the caruncle); (j) ventrianal view.

Figure 5 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 5. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with Trichouropoda sp., in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views. Trichouropoda sp. in (c) dorsal and (d) ventral views.

Figure 4 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 4. Mononchoides macrospiculum Troccoli, Oreste, Tarasco, Fanelli and De Luca, 2015 (scanning electron microscopy). (a, b) Lip region (arrow pointing to the phasmid); (c, d) cuticle (having numerous bacteria along the longitudinal grooves); (f–h) male posterior end. GP = genital papilla; ph = phasmid.

Figure 2. Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 2. Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (scanning electron microscopy). (a, b) Lip region (arrow pointing to the phasmids); (c) female posterior end (arrow pointing to the phasmid); (d, e) cuticle (having numerous bacteria along the longitudinal grooves); (f) female tail; (g, h) male posterior end in lateral and subventral views, respectively (white arrows pointing to the genital papillae, black arrow pointing to the phasmid).

Figure 1. Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 1. Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (light microscopy). (a) Neck (arrow pointing to the excretory pore); (b, c) anterior end at stoma and cuticle levels (arrow pointing to the amphid); (d) entire male; (e) entire female; (f) uterine egg; (g) female posterior end; (h) male posterior end. GP = genital papilla; ph = phasmid.

Figure 3 in Phoretic invertebrates associated with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canarian date palm from southern Spain

Figure 3. Mononchoides macrospiculum Troccoli, Oreste, Tarasco, Fanelli and De Luca, 2015 (light microscopy). (a) Entire female; (b) neck; (c, d) stoma in left and right view, respectively; (e) female reproductive system (arrows pointing to the oviduct–uterus sphincter); (f) uterine egg; (g) entire male; (h) female posterior end (arrow pointing to the phasmid); (i) testis; (j) cuticle; (k) spicules and gubernaculum; (l) male posterior end. GP = genital papilla; ph = phasmid.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Negative relationship between thermal tolerance and plasticity in tolerance emerges during experimental evolution in a widespread marine invertebrate

Whether populations can adapt to predicted climate change conditions, and how rapidly, are critical questions for the management of natural systems. Experimental evolution has become an important tool to answer these questions. In order to provide useful, realistic insights into the adaptive response of populations to climate change, there needs to be careful consideration of how genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity interact to generate observed phenotypic changes. We exposed three populations of the widespread copepod Acartia tonsa (Crustacea) to chronic, sub-lethal temperature selection for 15 generations. We generated thermal survivorship curves at regular intervals both during and after this period of selection to track the evolution of thermal tolerance. Using reciprocal transplants between ambient and warming conditions, we also tracked changes in the strength of phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance. We observed significant increases in thermal tolerance in the warming lineages, while plasticity in thermal tolerance was strongly reduced.