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FIGURE 10 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 10. cf. Pareumys sp. from TBM: 1, RP4, UCM 95760; 2-3, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110396; 4, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110397; 5, RM1 or 2, DMNH 75334; 6, LM1 or 2, UCM 95758; 7, LM3, UCM 67987; 8, Rm1, UCM 69974; 9, Lm2, SDSNH 110366; 10, Rm3, SDSNH 110367; 11-12, Rm3, SDSNH 110434. 1-2, 4-11 occlusal views. 3, anterior view. 12, labial view. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 9. Sciuravid sp. A from TBM: 1, RM1 or 2, UCM 709102; 2, RM1 or 2, UCM 68903; 3, LM1 or 2, UCM 71413; 4, LM1 or 2, UCM 95763; 5, Rm1, UCM 95694; 6, Lm1 or 2, UCM 95757; 7, Rm1 or 2, SDSNH 110459; 8, Rm1 or 2, UCM 95699; 9, Lm3, UCM 95756. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Smaller Sciuravidae from TBM. 1 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 8. Smaller Sciuravidae from TBM. 1, Pauromys sp., cf. P. perditus, Lm1, SDSNH 110414. 2, sciuravid sp. B, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110412. 3-4, Sciuravid sp. C: 3, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110443; 4, Lm3, SDSNH 110441. 5-7, Sciuravid premolars: 5, LP4, SDSNH 110462; 6, partial Rp4, SDSNH 110454; 7, partial Rp4, SDSNH 140176. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 6. Thisbemys and Rodentia, family undetermined from TBM. 1, Thisbemys corrugatus, Rm1, UCM 70671. 2-3, Rodentia, family undetermined, Rm1 or 2, UCM 95700. 1-2, occlusal views. 3, oblique labial view. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Microparamys from TBM. 1-5 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 5. Microparamys from TBM. 1-5, Microparamys minutus: 1, LdP4, UCM 66310; 2, LP4, UCM 95695; 3, LM1 or 2, UCM 95697; 4, Rp4, SDSNH 110374; 5, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 74140. 6-9, Microparamys sp.: 6, LdP4, SDSNH 110395; 7, Lp4, SDSNH 110360; 8, Lm1, SDSNH 110361; 9, Lm2, SDSNH 110362. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Primates from TBM. 1-3 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 4. Primates from TBM. 1-3, Notharctus robustior: 1, RM1, DMNH 75300; partial RM1 or 2, UCM 78457; 3, partial RM3, UCM 69054. 4-5, Trogolemur myodes: 4, Rm2, UCM 78097; 5, Rm3, UCM 67883. 6, Washakius insignis, LM1 or 2, UCM 68541. 7-9, Omomys carteri: 7, LM3, 110357; 8, Lm1, SDSNH 110355; 9, Rm3, DMNH 75326. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 2. Schematic stratigraphic column of type section of Turtle Bluff Member on southwest flank of Cedar Mountain, Bridger Formation, showing relative stratigraphic positions of SDSNH, DMNH and UCM localities (along with the locality names in parentheses) that yielded the fossils described in this paper (modified and corrected after Gunnell et al., [2009]). Locality MPM 2970 occurs on southwest flank of Sage Creek Mountain and its approximate relative stratigraphic position is projected onto type section. Abbreviations are: Lithostr., lithostratigraphic; NALMA, North American Land Mammal age.

FIGURE 11 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 11. Metanoiamys sp. from TBM: 1, LdP4, DMNH 74135; 2, LP4, DMNH 75331; 3, LM1 or 2, DMNH 74136; 4, LM1 or 2, DMNH 75251; 5, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110442; 6, LM3, UCM 98813; 7, Rdp4, SDSNH 110369; 8, Lp4, DMNH 74143; 9, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75252; 10, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75250; 11, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75254; 12, Lm3, DMNH 74144. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 1. Map of study area showing modern and historical geographic terminology along with geographic position of type section of Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation (modified after Murphey [2001]). The light purple shading represents areas on the lower slopes of the principal mountain landforms and the green shading represents areas above the base of the uppermost slopes for each landform (approximate elevations in feet are shown). Insert map shows location of study area in state of Wyoming.

FIGURE 7. Larger Sciuravidae from TBM. 1 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 7. Larger Sciuravidae from TBM. 1, Sciuravus nitidus, RP4, UCM 68430. 2-4, Taxymys lucaris: 2, RM1 or 2, UCM 68307; 3, LM1 or 2, UCM 95762; 4, LM3, DMNH 75336. 5-7, Tillomys senex: 5, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75328; 6, Rm1 or 2, DMNH 75279; 7, Rm1 or 2, SDSNH 110363. 8-9, Tillomys? parvidens: 8, Rm1 or 2, SDSNH 110379; 9, Lm3, DMNH 75288. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Microsyopidae from TBM. 1-4 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 3. Microsyopidae from TBM. 1-4, Uintasorex parvulus: 1, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110359; 2-3, Rdp4, SDSNH 110358; 4, Lm2, DMNH 75287. 5-7, Microsyops annectans: 5, Rm1, UCM 68541; 6-7, partial dentary with Rm2, UCM 70315. 1-2, 4-6, occlusal views. 3 and 7, labial views. Scale bars equal 1 mm for 1-6 and scale bar for 7 equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 6 SEM-images (6.1, 6.3) and microscopic-image (6.2) of adult blow fly remains. 6.1 Leg of the extant blow fly Calliphora vicina and corresponding parts of the leg of fossil Protophormia terraenovae [6.1.1 upper part of the tibia, 6.1.2 probasitarsus (t1)], 6.2 Part of the mesothoracic spiracle of extant Calliphora vicina, 6.3 Fossil part of the mesothoracic spiracle of Protophormia terraenovae.

FIGURE 5. 3D in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 5. 3D-models of parts of the cephaloskeleton reconstructed from fossil puparia. 5.1 entire cephaloskeleton (dorsal view), 5.2 entire cephaloskeleton (lateral view), 5.3 intermediate sclerite (dorsal view), 5.4 left mouth hook (lateral view). Available as animation online palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1461-forensic-palaeoentomology.

FIGURE 4 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 4. SEM-images of fossil remains (4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7) in comparison of similar parts of the puparia of extant Protophormia terraenovae (4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8). 4.1-2 Segment 1-4 of puparia, 4.3-4 mouth hooks of larvae, 4.5-6 spines of thoracic segment 3 show triangular structure with mainly one or two tips and a broad base, 4.7-8 anal division with six pairs of large papillae (I-VI) and two posterior stigmata of circular structure containing three spiracles.

FIGURE 2 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 2. Hardened skins of upper Pleistocene puparia of Protophormia terraenovae. 2.1 A fossil puparium in dorsal view. 2.2 Mass of fossil puparia discovered from the cranial fragment of Mammuthus primigenius (Geinsheim). a anterior; l lateral. Photo by Georg Oleschinski.

FIGURE 1 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 1. Locality map of important gravel pits of the Rhine rift valley between Mainz and Ludwigshafen. 1.1 Locality of the Rhine rift valley in Germany. 1.2 Gravel pits are marked with white spots; gravel pits of Geinsheim and Gross-Rohrheim are marked with a yellow star.

FIGURE 3 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 3. Cranial fragments of three Pleistocene mammals containing fossilised puparia. 3.1 Maxilla with left molar of Mammuthus primigenius from Geinsheim (ventral view), 3.2 Nearly complete skull of Megaloceros giganteus from Gross-Rohrheim without lower jaw and antler rose (lateral view), 3.3 Horn core with part of the cranium from Bos primigenius from Gross-Rohrheim (ventral view).

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FIGURE 10. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 10. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2. Pliocervus sp.: fragmentary skull (MGPT-PU 130574), medial (1) and lateral (2) views. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

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FIGURE 11. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1, 6-7, 10-13 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 11. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1, 6-7, 10-13. Viverridae gen. et sp., indet.: fragmentary skull (MGPT-PU 130546), palatal view (1) and detail of P4 and M1 in occlusal view (6); 7, left upper canine (MGPT-PU 130573), buccal view; right lower fourth premolar (MGPT-PU 130654), occlusal (10) and buccal (11) views; 12, left radius (MGPT-PU 130572), dorsal view; 13, right metacarpal III (MGPT-PU 130512), dorsal view. 2-3. Euarctos pyrenaicus: left upper carnassial (MGPT-PU 130529), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views. 4-5, 8-9. Pantherinae gen. et sp. indet.: left premaxilla (MGPT-PU 130545), lateral (4) and ventral (5) views; right tibia (MGPT-PU 130518), dorsal (8) and distal (9) views. 14. cf. Mesopithecus pentelicus pentelicus: right lower canine (MGPT-PU 130502). 15. cf. Macaca sp.: left lower third molar (MGPT-PU 130506). The figures 14 and 15 are from Alba et al., (2014). Scale bars equal 10 mm.