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FIGURE 6. The secondary structures for 22 in Study on the Chinese Subfamily Anostostomatinae (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae IV: One new recorded species Anabropsis (Apteranabropsis) tonkinensis Rehn, 1906
FIGURE 6. The secondary structures for 22 tRNA genes of Anabropsis (Apteranabropsis) tonkinensis (XZ262) mitogenome.
FIGURE 7. The secondary structures for 22 in Study on the Chinese Subfamily Anostostomatinae (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae IV: One new recorded species Anabropsis (Apteranabropsis) tonkinensis Rehn, 1906
FIGURE 7. The secondary structures for 22 tRNA genes of Anabropsis (Apteranabropsis) tonkinensis (XZ335) mitogenome.
Supplemental material for: Clinical and neuroimaging outcomes of direct endovascular thrombectomy vs. bridging therapy in large vessel occlusion patients: a secondary analysis of SELECT cohort study
<p><b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the comparative safety and efficacy of direct endovascular thrombectomy(dEVT) compared to bridging therapy(BT:IV-tPA+EVT) and assess if BT potential benefit relates to stroke severity, size and initial presentation to EVT vs. non-EVT center.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> In a prospective multicenter cohort-study of imaging selection for endovascular thrombectomy[SELECT], anterior-circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) patients presenting to EVT-capable centers within 4.5hours from last-known-well were stratified into BT vs. dEVT.<b><i> </i></b>The primary outcome was 90-day functional independence[modified Rankin Scale(mRS)=0-2]. Secondary outcomes included a shift across 90-day mRS grades, mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. We also performed subgroup-analyses according to initial presentation to EVT-capable center (direct versus transfer), stroke severity and baseline infarct core volume.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> We identified 226 LVOs (54%:men, mean age:65.6±14.6years, median NIHSS-score: 17, 28% received dEVT). Median time from arrival to groin-puncture did not differ in BT-patients when presenting directly[dEVT:1.43 (IQR=1.13-1.90) hours vs. BT:1.58(IQR=1.27-2.02)hours,p=0.40] or transferred to EVT-capable centers[dEVT:1.17 (IQR: 0.90-1.48) hours vs. BT:1.27 (IQR: 0.97-1.87) hours,p=0.24]. BT was associated with higher odds of 90-day functional independence (57% vs. 44%,aOR=2.02,95%CI:1.01-4.03,p=0.046) and functional improvement (adjusted cOR=2.06,95%CI:1.18-3.60,p=0.011), and lower likelihood of 90-day mortality (11% vs. 23%,aOR: 0.20,95%CI:0.07-0.58,p=0.003). No differences in any other outcomes were detected. In subgroup-analyses, BT patients with baseline NIHSS-scores<15 had higher functional independence likelihood compared to dEVT (aOR=4.87,95%CI:1.56-15.18,p=0.006); this association was not evident for patients with NIHSS-scores≥15 (aOR=1.05,95%CI:0.40-2.74,p=0.92). Similarly, functional outcomes improvements with BT were detected in patients with core volume strata (Ischemic core <50cc: aOR: 2.10, 95% CI:1.02-4.33, p=0.044 vs ischemic core ≥50cc: aOR: 0.41,95% CI:0.01-16.02,p=0.64) and transfer status (transferred: aOR: 2.21,95% CI:0.93-9.65,p=0.29 vs direct to EVT center: aOR:1.84,95%CI:0.80-4.23,p=0.15). </p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Bridging therapy appears to be associated with better clinical outcomes, especially with milder NIHSS-scores, smaller presentation core volumes and those who were "dripped and shipped".</p> <p><b>Classification of Evidence: </b>This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with ischemic stroke from anterior-circulation LVO within 4.5 hours from last-known-well, bridging therapy compared to direct endovascular thrombectomy leads to better 90-day functional outcomes.</p>
Data from: The prediction of adaptive evolution: empirical application of the secondary theorem of selection and comparison to the breeder's equation
Adaptive evolution occurs when fitness covaries with genetic merit for a trait (or traits). The breeder's equation (BE), in both its univariate and multivariate forms, allows us to predict this process by combining estimates of selection on phenotype with estimates of genetic (co)variation. However, predictions are only valid if all factors causal for trait-fitness covariance are measured. While this requirement will rarely (if ever) be met in practice, it can be avoided by applying Robertson's secondary theorem of selection (STS). The STS predicts evolution by directly estimating the genetic basis of trait-fitness covariation with out any explicit model of selection. Here we apply the BE and STS to four morphological traits measured in Soay sheep (Ovis aries) from St. Kilda. Despite apparently positive selection on heritable size traits, sheep are not getting larger. However, while the BE predicts increasing size the STS does not, a discrepancy that suggests unmeasured factors are upwardly biasing our estimates of selection on phenotype. We suggest this is likely to be a general issue, and that wider application of the STS could offer at least a partial resolution to the common discrepancy between naive expectations and observed trait dynamics in natural populations.
Measurement report: On the contribution of long-distance transport to the secondary aerosol formation and aging
<p>(1) Chemical composition of PM2.5 in four transport sectors.<br> (2) Time series of organic aerosol factors resolved by PMF&ME-2 in four transport sectors.<br> (3) Meteorological data corresponded to the ACSM and PMF&ME-2 data.<br> (4) f44 and f43 ratio in four transport sectors.</p>
Do habitat and elevation promote hybridization during secondary contact between three genetically distinct groups of warbling vireo (Vireo gilvus)?
<p>Following postglacial expansion, secondary contact can occur between genetically distinct lineages. These genetic lineages may be associated with specific habitat or environmental variables and therefore, their distributions in secondary contact could reflect such conditions within these areas. Here we used mtDNA, microsatellite, and morphological data to study three genetically distinct groups of warbling vireo (Vireo gilvus) and investigate the role that elevation and habitat play in their distributions. We studied two main contact zones and within each contact zone, we examined two separate transects. Across the Great Plains contact zone, we found that hybridization between eastern and western groups occurs along a habitat and elevational gradient, whereas hybridization across the Rocky Mountain contact zone was not as closely associated with habitat or elevation. Hybrids in the Great Plains contact zone were more common in transitional areas between deciduous and mixed-wood forests, and at lower elevations (<1000 m). Hybridization patterns were similar along both Great Plains transects indicating that habitat and elevation play a role in hybridization between distinct eastern and western genetic groups. The observed patterns suggest adaptation to different habitats, perhaps originating during isolation in multiple Pleistocene refugia, is facilitating hybridization in areas where habitat types overlap.</p>
FIGURE 14. The secondary structures for 22 in Study of the Subfamily Anabropsinae (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) in China V Two new species of Anabropsis (Apteranabropsis) from Guangxi and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Anabropsis
FIGURE 14. The secondary structures for 22 tRNA genes of A. (Apteranabropsis) shii sp. nov. (XZ258).
FIGURE 13. The secondary structures for 22 in Study of the Subfamily Anabropsinae (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) in China V Two new species of Anabropsis (Apteranabropsis) from Guangxi and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Anabropsis
FIGURE 13. The secondary structures for 22 tRNA genes of A. (Apteranabropsis) multispinula sp. nov. (XZ24).
Let's save the kingdom! The impact of gamification on flow and academic achievement in secondary school students
<p>Datos del Flow</p>
Extreme Poisson's Ratios Recorded In The Secondary Phloem Of Malvaceae (online data)
<p>This zip file contains two dataset (in xl format), namely the experimental results and the parametric study in relation to the published article</p>
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996). in Muridae
Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996).
Variable hybridization between two Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in recent secondary contact
<p>Closely related taxa frequently exist in sympatry before the evolution of robust reproductive barriers, which can lead to substantial gene flow. Post-divergence gene flow can promote several disparate trajectories of divergence ranging from the erosion of distinctiveness and eventual collapse of the taxa to the strengthening of reproductive isolation. Among many relevant factors, understanding the demographic history of divergence (e.g. divergence time, extent of historical gene flow) can be particularly informative when examining contemporary gene flow between closely related taxa because this history can influence gene flow’s prevalence and consequences. Here, we used genotyping-by-sequencing data to investigate speciation and contemporary hybridization in two closely related and sympatrically distributed Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in the genus <em>Petrochromis</em>. Demographic modeling supported a speciation scenario involving divergence in isolation followed by secondary contact with bidirectional gene flow. Further investigation of this recent gene flow found evidence of ongoing hybridization between the species that varied in extent between different co-occurring populations. Relationships between abundance and the degree of admixture across populations suggest that the availability of conspecific mates may influence patterns of hybridization. These results, together with the observation that sets of recently diverged cichlid taxa are generally geographically separated in the lake, suggest that ongoing speciation in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids relies on initial spatial isolation. Additionally, the spatial heterogeneity of admixture between the <em>Petrochromis</em> species illustrates the complexities of hybridization when species are in recent secondary contact.</p>
Effects of rocky desertification habitat on main secondary metabolites of Akebia trifoliata
<p>In recent years, <i>Akebia trifoliata</i> used to restore rocky desertification environment. We first discovered that the medicinal content of<i> A</i><i>. trifoliata</i> will increase in rocky desertification habitats, but its mechanism of action is not clear. In this study, <i>A. trifoliata</i> was planted in normal habitats and rocky desertification habitats, and changes in the content of secondary metabolites and related enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the biomass of the roots, stems and leaf of <i>A. trifoliata</i> reduced significantly, but the content of secondary metabolites increased significantly in rocky desertification habitats. It is mainly reflected in the content of tannins in leaves, flavonoids in roots, and total phenols in roots, stems and leaves. (2) <i>A</i><i>. trifoliata</i> changed the enzyme activities of PAL (Phenylalanine ammonialyase), C4H (Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase) and 4CL (4-Coumarate: Coenzyme A Ligase), thereby regulated the increase in the content of secondary metabolites in rocky desertification habitat. (3) the content of medicinal components of <i>A. trifoliata</i> increased significantly in rocky desertification habitat. The highest content of oleanolic acid in the roots from July to August, and the highest content of α-hederagenins in the stems in July; (4) principal component analysis showed that the main response index of <i>A. trifoliata</i> secondary metabolites and related enzymes in rocky desertification habitats was total phenols. This study revealed the response mechanism of <i>A</i><i>. trifoliata</i> secondary metabolites and related enzymes in rocky desertification habitats. It not only provided a new choice for the exploiting of medicinal resources of <i>A. trifoliata</i>, but also provided a new theoretical basis for <i>A. trifoliata</i> to restore rocky desertification environment.</p>
Manduca sexta experience high parasitoid pressures in the field but minor fitness costs of consuming plant secondary compounds
<p>Plant-herbivore co-evolutionary interactions have led to a range of plant defenses that minimize insect damage and a suite of counter-adaptations that allow herbivores to feed on defended plants. Consuming plant secondary compounds results in herbivore growth and developmental costs but can have beneficial effects such as deterrence or harm of parasitoid enemies. Therefore, the role of secondary compounds on herbivore fitness must be considered in the context of the abundance and level of harm from natural enemies and the costs herbivores incur feeding on plant secondary compounds.</p> <ol> <li>In this study, I combined field measurements of <em>Cotesia congregata</em> wasp parasitism pressure with detailed measurements of the costs of plant secondary compounds across developmental stages in the herbivore host, <em>Manduca sexta</em>.</li> <li>I show that <em>C. congregata</em> parasitoids exert large negative selective pressures, killing 31-57% of <em>M. sexta</em> larvae in the field. <em>Manduca sexta </em>developed fastest during instars most at risk for parasitoid oviposition but growth was slowed by consumption of plant secondary compounds. The negative effects of consuming plant secondary compounds as larvae influenced adult size traits but there were no immune, survival, or fecundity costs.</li> <li>These results suggest that developmental costs experienced by <em>M. sexta</em> herbivores consuming defensive compounds are minor in comparison to the strong negative survival pressures from abundant parasitoid enemies.</li> </ol>
Dataset: Protocol for Designing, Optimizing and Analyzing Secondary Critical Material Supply Chains using RELOG
<p>Source code and data for "Protocol for Designing, Optimizing and Analyzing Secondary Critical Material Supply Chains using RELOG."</p>
Predicting the secondary metabolic potential of microbiomes from marker genes using PSMPA
<p>Supplementary data for the paper <strong>Predicting the secondary metabolic potential of microbiomes </strong><strong>from marker genes using PSMPA</strong>.</p>
FIGURES 31–36. E in A new genus and two new species of gelechiid moths (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Gelechiinae) from the East Malaysia with unusual male secondary characters
FIGURES 31–36. E. beljaevi sp. n., genitalia and basal abdominal segments: 31—uncus, gnathos with culcitula and distal part of tegumen with spinose areas, lateral view, enlarged, holotype, GS 221 MP; 32—ditto, ventral view, enlarged, paratype, GS 223 MP; 33—female genitalia, ventral view, paratype, GS 227 MP; 34—ditto, 8th sternite and vaginal sinus, enlarged; 35—ditto, fragment of honeycomb-like sculpture on inner surface of semi-sclerotised fold; 36—1st tergite and 2nd sternite in female, GS 227 MP. Scale bar for figures 33 and 36—0.5 mm. cul—culcitula, d.pr—digitiform projection, f.s—fultura superior, hc.sc—honeycomb-like sculpture, l.gn—lateral sclerites of gnathos, l.teg—lateral lobes of tegumen with spines, m.ar—lateral membranous areas, m.gn—median sclerite of gnathos, s–scl.f—semi-sclerotised fold, sp.a—spinose areas, unc—uncus, v.sin— vaginal sinus, 8-st—8th sternite.
FIGURES 20–30. Esexalata gen. n in A new genus and two new species of gelechiid moths (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Gelechiinae) from the East Malaysia with unusual male secondary characters
FIGURES 20–30. Esexalata gen. n., male genitalia and 8th abdominal segments. 20–26, E. beljaevi sp. n.: 20—unrolled, medial view, holotype, GS 221 MP; 21—aedeagus, lateral view, left side, holotype, GS 221 MP; 22—uncus, gnathos with culcitula, ventral view, paratype, GS 223 MP; 23—row of needle-shaped cornuti in aedeagus; 24—distal part of aedeagus, right side, paratype, GS 223 MP; 25—distal part of genitalia in glycerol; 26—sternite (left) and tergite (right) of 8th abdominal segment, paratype, male; 27–30, E. natalyae sp. n.: 27—unrolled, medial view, holotype, GS 229 MP; 28—aedeagus, lateral view, left side, holotype, GS 229 MP; 29—distal part of aedeagus with bundle of long filiform cornuti; 30—sternite (left) and tergite (right) of 8th abdominal segment, paratype, male. Scale bar 0.2 mm with the exception of enlarged figures 22, 23 and 29. set. lat—setae on the lateral side of cucullus.
FIGURES 1–9. Esexalata gen. n., external morphology. 1, 3, 4a, 5–9—E in A new genus and two new species of gelechiid moths (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Gelechiinae) from the East Malaysia with unusual male secondary characters
FIGURES 1–9. Esexalata gen. n., external morphology. 1, 3, 4a, 5–9—E. beljaevi sp. n.: 1—adult, holotype, male; 3—head, basal part of antenna and labial palpus, paratype, female; 4a—magnified scapus, pedicellus and base of flagellum, ventral view; 5—basal part of ciliate flagellum in male, dorsal view; 6—ditto, ventral view; 7—wing-like structure and hair-pencil in male, dorsal view, enlarged; 8—wing-like structures folded crosswise on the thorax in male; 9—hair-pencil under lifted wing-like structure in male; 2, 4—E. natalyae sp. n.: 2—adult, holotype, male; 4—ciliate antenna in male. Scale bar for figures 1, 2—1 mm; for figure 7—0.5 mm. pd—pedicellus, sc—scapus.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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