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text-fig. 52. wo selected reduced consensus trees from the analysis of the complete data set. a, after deletion of 'Chilantaisaurus' maortuensis. B, after deletion of Proceratosaurus and Xuanhanosaurus. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 52. wo selected reduced consensus trees from the analysis of the complete data set. a, after deletion of 'Chilantaisaurus' maortuensis. B, after deletion of Proceratosaurus and Xuanhanosaurus.
text-fig. 53. Strict consensus tree resulting from the analysis of the pruned data matrix with 51 taxa. Numbers at the nodes indicate bootstrap support values in branches that have more than 50 per cent support. The consensus tree is based on 5544 trees of 652 steps (CI 0-42, RI 0-748, RCI 0-314). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 53. Strict consensus tree resulting from the analysis of the pruned data matrix with 51 taxa. Numbers at the nodes indicate bootstrap support values in branches that have more than 50 per cent support. The consensus tree is based on 5544 trees of 652 steps (CI 0-42, RI 0-748, RCI 0-314).
text-fig. 23. Outlines of theropod splenials, illustrating states for characters 78 and 79. a, Majungatholus atopus; left splenial in medial view; based on FMNH 9620A-44C. b, Saurornitholestes langstoni; slightly damaged right splenial in medial view (reversed); based on TMP 88.121.39. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 23. Outlines of theropod splenials, illustrating states for characters 78 and 79. a, Majungatholus atopus; left splenial in medial view; based on FMNH 9620A-44C. b, Saurornitholestes langstoni; slightly damaged right splenial in medial view (reversed); based on TMP 88.121.39. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b).
text-fig. 24. Anterior theropod cervical vertebrae in lateral view, illustrating several cervical characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Dilophosaurus wetherillv, based on UCMP V 6468. D, Allosaurus fragilisa based on Madsen (1976) and MOR 693. Abbreviations: di, diapophysis; ep, epipophysis; k, keel; ns, neural spine; pl, pleurocoel; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-d). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 24. Anterior theropod cervical vertebrae in lateral view, illustrating several cervical characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Dilophosaurus wetherillv, based on UCMP V 6468. D, Allosaurus fragilisa based on Madsen (1976) and MOR 693. Abbreviations: di, diapophysis; ep, epipophysis; k, keel; ns, neural spine; pl, pleurocoel; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-d).
text-fig. 22. Dentaries in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 76 and 83. a, Magnosaurus oxoniensis', based on OUM J 12143. B, Troödon formosus-, based on TMP 92.36.575. Abbreviation: idp, interdental plates. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 22. Dentaries in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 76 and 83. a, Magnosaurus oxoniensis', based on OUM J 12143. B, Troödon formosus-, based on TMP 92.36.575. Abbreviation: idp, interdental plates. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 21. Posterior ends of the mandibles in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 73 and 74. a, Plateosaurus sp.; based on MB R. 1937. B, Ornitholestes hermannv, based on AMNH 619. c, same as B, stereophotographs. Abbreviations: mj, mandibular joint; rp, retroarticular process. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 21. Posterior ends of the mandibles in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 73 and 74. a, Plateosaurus sp.; based on MB R. 1937. B, Ornitholestes hermannv, based on AMNH 619. c, same as B, stereophotographs. Abbreviations: mj, mandibular joint; rp, retroarticular process. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 20. Mandible of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (a) and Oviraptor philoceratops (b) in lateral view, illustrating different states for characters 72, 75, and 77. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see ext-figur^ 6. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 20. Mandible of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (a) and Oviraptor philoceratops (b) in lateral view, illustrating different states for characters 72, 75, and 77. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see ext-figur^ 6. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 18. Skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and three theropods (b-d) in palatal view, showing different states for several cranial characters. A, Lesothosaurus diagnostics; redrawn from Sereno (199lb). B, Allosaurus fragilis', redrawn from Madsen (1976). c, Daspletosaurus torosus; redrawn from Russell (1970). D, Oviraptor philoceratops; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). Abbreviations: bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; ch, internal choana; cp, cultriform process of the parasphenoid; ect, ectopterygoid; iptv, interpterygoid vacuity; j, jugal; m, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sof, suborbital fenestra; spf, subsidiary palatal fenestra; snf, subnarial foramen; stf, subtemporal fenestra; v, vomer. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a), 50 mm (d) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 18. Skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and three theropods (b-d) in palatal view, showing different states for several cranial characters. A, Lesothosaurus diagnostics; redrawn from Sereno (199lb). B, Allosaurus fragilis', redrawn from Madsen (1976). c, Daspletosaurus torosus; redrawn from Russell (1970). D, Oviraptor philoceratops; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). Abbreviations: bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; ch, internal choana; cp, cultriform process of the parasphenoid; ect, ectopterygoid; iptv, interpterygoid vacuity; j, jugal; m, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sof, suborbital fenestra; spf, subsidiary palatal fenestra; snf, subnarial foramen; stf, subtemporal fenestra; v, vomer. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a), 50 mm (d) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 19. heropod ectopterygoids in ventral view, showing the different degrees and modes of pneumatisation of this bone (character 67). a, Majungatholus atopus; based on FMNH 96202-44C. B, Liliensternus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Allosaurus fragilis; ectopterygoid in ventral (left) and medial (right) view; based on UMNH VP 5328 (left) and 5327 (right), d, Dromaeosaurus albertensis; based on AMNH 5356. Abbreviations: j, contact to the jugal; pt, contact to the pterygoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 19. heropod ectopterygoids in ventral view, showing the different degrees and modes of pneumatisation of this bone (character 67). a, Majungatholus atopus; based on FMNH 96202-44C. B, Liliensternus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Allosaurus fragilis; ectopterygoid in ventral (left) and medial (right) view; based on UMNH VP 5328 (left) and 5327 (right), d, Dromaeosaurus albertensis; based on AMNH 5356. Abbreviations: j, contact to the jugal; pt, contact to the pterygoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 16. Ventral view of the braincase, showing different states for characters 56 and 57. a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics; based on Sereno (1991b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis based on QG 195; the postorbital processes of the laterosphenoid are broken in this specimen of Syntarsus; their attachments are placed above and slightly posterior to the trigeminal foramen. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; fo, fenestra ovalis; Is, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pop, paroccipital process; popls, postorbital process of the laterosphenoid; psp, parasphenoid; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 16. Ventral view of the braincase, showing different states for characters 56 and 57. a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics; based on Sereno (1991b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis based on QG 195; the postorbital processes of the laterosphenoid are broken in this specimen of Syntarsus; their attachments are placed above and slightly posterior to the trigeminal foramen. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; fo, fenestra ovalis; Is, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pop, paroccipital process; popls, postorbital process of the laterosphenoid; psp, parasphenoid; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 13. Theropod quadrates, illustrating different character states for characters 48-50. a, Allosaurus fragilisa left quadrate; posterior view; based on Madsen (1976) and MOR 693. b, unspecified oviraptorid; left quadrate; posterior (left) and medial view (right); redrawn from Maryanska and Osmólska (1997). Abbreviations: lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ot cap, otic capitulum; pn, pneumatic cavity; pt, pterygoid wing; pt fac, pterygoid facet; qf, quadrate foramen; sq cap, squamosal capitulum. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 10 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 13. Theropod quadrates, illustrating different character states for characters 48-50. a, Allosaurus fragilisa left quadrate; posterior view; based on Madsen (1976) and MOR 693. b, unspecified oviraptorid; left quadrate; posterior (left) and medial view (right); redrawn from Maryanska and Osmólska (1997). Abbreviations: lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ot cap, otic capitulum; pn, pneumatic cavity; pt, pterygoid wing; pt fac, pterygoid facet; qf, quadrate foramen; sq cap, squamosal capitulum. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 10 mm (b).
text-fig. 11. heropod frontals in ventral view, illustrating character states for characters 37 and 64. a, stereophotographs of articulated frontals of Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 5470); anterior is to the left, b, same as a; outline drawing, c, stereophotographs of articulated posterior skull roof (frontals, parietals, laterosphenoids) of Troödon formosus (AMNH 6174); anterior is to the top. D, same as c; outline drawing. Abbreviations: ce, facet for the cerebral hemispheres on the frontals; f, frontal; 1, facets for the lacrimals; Is, laterosphenoid; lsf, facets for the laterosphenoids; o, orbital facet; ob, facets for the olfactory bulbs on the frontals; pa, parietal; prf, contact with the prefrontal. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 11. heropod frontals in ventral view, illustrating character states for characters 37 and 64. a, stereophotographs of articulated frontals of Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 5470); anterior is to the left, b, same as a; outline drawing, c, stereophotographs of articulated posterior skull roof (frontals, parietals, laterosphenoids) of Troödon formosus (AMNH 6174); anterior is to the top. D, same as c; outline drawing. Abbreviations: ce, facet for the cerebral hemispheres on the frontals; f, frontal; 1, facets for the lacrimals; Is, laterosphenoid; lsf, facets for the laterosphenoids; o, orbital facet; ob, facets for the olfactory bulbs on the frontals; pa, parietal; prf, contact with the prefrontal. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 1. Early cladistic hypotheses of the phylogeny of theropod dinosaurs, a, phylogenetic hypothesis of Thulbom (1984). B, the influential hypothesis published by Gauthier (1986). c, composite tree based on Weishampel et al. (1990). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 1. Early cladistic hypotheses of the phylogeny of theropod dinosaurs, a, phylogenetic hypothesis of Thulbom (1984). B, the influential hypothesis published by Gauthier (1986). c, composite tree based on Weishampel et al. (1990).
text-fig. 6. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Cretaceous OTUs in left lateral view, a, abelisaurid Camotaurus sastrei, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Gorro Frigio Formation, Argentina; based on Bonaparte et al. (1990) and MACN CH 894. b, composite skull of a generalized baryonychid; mainly based on Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GDF 501, 503-506) and Irritator challenged (SMNS 58022), with some elements reconstructed after Baryonyx walkeri (BMNH R 9951). c, carcharodontosaurid Carcharodontosaurus sahariens, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Kem Kem beds, Morocco; based on Sereno et al. (1996) and SGM-Din 1, unpreserved elements shaded. D, dromaeosaurid Velociraptor mongoliensis, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; based on Barsbold (1983), Barsbold and Osmólska (1999), and AMNH 6515. e, ornithomimosaur Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; redrawn from Russell (1972). F, oviraptorosaur Oviraptor philoceratops, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). G, therizinosauroid Erlikosaurus andrewsi, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian- Turonian), Baynshiren Svita, Mongolia; based on Clark et al. (1994). H, tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus libratus, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, redrawn from Molnar et al. (1990). Abbreviations as in Text-figures 4 and 5, and: acc. op., accessory opening of unknown function in the premaxilla of Oviraptor (Barsbold et al. 1990); amf, anterior maxillary foramen; pn, pneumatic openings. Scale bars represent 50 mm (d-g) and 100 mm (a-c, h). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 6. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Cretaceous OTUs in left lateral view, a, abelisaurid Camotaurus sastrei, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Gorro Frigio Formation, Argentina; based on Bonaparte et al. (1990) and MACN CH 894. b, composite skull of a generalized baryonychid; mainly based on Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GDF 501, 503-506) and Irritator challenged (SMNS 58022), with some elements reconstructed after Baryonyx walkeri (BMNH R 9951). c, carcharodontosaurid Carcharodontosaurus sahariens, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Kem Kem beds, Morocco; based on Sereno et al. (1996) and SGM-Din 1, unpreserved elements shaded. D, dromaeosaurid Velociraptor mongoliensis, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; based on Barsbold (1983), Barsbold and Osmólska (1999), and AMNH 6515. e, ornithomimosaur Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; redrawn from Russell (1972). F, oviraptorosaur Oviraptor philoceratops, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). G, therizinosauroid Erlikosaurus andrewsi, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian- Turonian), Baynshiren Svita, Mongolia; based on Clark et al. (1994). H, tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus libratus, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, redrawn from Molnar et al. (1990). Abbreviations as in Text-figures 4 and 5, and: acc. op., accessory opening of unknown function in the premaxilla of Oviraptor (Barsbold et al. 1990); amf, anterior maxillary foramen; pn, pneumatic openings. Scale bars represent 50 mm (d-g) and 100 mm (a-c, h).
text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g).
text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b).
text-fig. 4. Skull reconstructions of representatives of riassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Euparkeria capensis, Early Triassic (Scythian-Anisian), Beaufort Group, South Africa; redrawn from Ewer (1965). B, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Elliot Formation, Lesotho; redrawn from Sereno (1991b). c, prosauropod sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp., Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 1937. D, Eoraptor lunensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; based on PVSJ 512. E, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). F, Coelophysis bauri, Late riassic (Norian), Chinle Formation, south-western USA; modified from Paul (1993). G, Lilienstemus lilienstemi, Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 2175, unpreserved elements shaded. H, Shuvosaurus inexpectatus, Late riassic (Norian), Dockum Group, Texas, USA; based on TU P 9280. Abbreviations: a, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external nares; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; 1, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pd, predentary; pm, premaxilla; pm-mf, premaxillary-maxillary fenestra; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; saf, surangular foramen; snf, subnarial foramen; sob, supraorbital; soc, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-H). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 4. Skull reconstructions of representatives of riassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Euparkeria capensis, Early Triassic (Scythian-Anisian), Beaufort Group, South Africa; redrawn from Ewer (1965). B, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Elliot Formation, Lesotho; redrawn from Sereno (1991b). c, prosauropod sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp., Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 1937. D, Eoraptor lunensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; based on PVSJ 512. E, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). F, Coelophysis bauri, Late riassic (Norian), Chinle Formation, south-western USA; modified from Paul (1993). G, Lilienstemus lilienstemi, Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 2175, unpreserved elements shaded. H, Shuvosaurus inexpectatus, Late riassic (Norian), Dockum Group, Texas, USA; based on TU P 9280. Abbreviations: a, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external nares; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; 1, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pd, predentary; pm, premaxilla; pm-mf, premaxillary-maxillary fenestra; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; saf, surangular foramen; snf, subnarial foramen; sob, supraorbital; soc, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-H).
text-fig. 3. Ulnae of saurischian dinosaurs, showing the flexure of the shaft of this bone, a, Plateosaurus sp. (SMNS F 65), right ulna in lateral view (reversed). B, same as a, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft, c, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1), left ulna in lateral view. D, same as c, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. E, Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), left ulna in lateral view. F, same as e, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. G, Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5220), left ulna in lateral view. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b, e-f) and 10 mm (c-D, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 3. Ulnae of saurischian dinosaurs, showing the flexure of the shaft of this bone, a, Plateosaurus sp. (SMNS F 65), right ulna in lateral view (reversed). B, same as a, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft, c, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1), left ulna in lateral view. D, same as c, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. E, Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), left ulna in lateral view. F, same as e, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. G, Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5220), left ulna in lateral view. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b, e-f) and 10 mm (c-D, g).
text-fig. 8. Syntarsus rhodesiensis. a, left premaxilla in lateral view (QG unnumbered) showing the forked posterior end of the premaxillary body in this taxon (character state 1 of character 4). B, left maxilla in lateral view (QG 205) showing the horizontal ridge (mr) on the ventral border of the maxillary body (character state 1 of character 15). Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 8. Syntarsus rhodesiensis. a, left premaxilla in lateral view (QG unnumbered) showing the forked posterior end of the premaxillary body in this taxon (character state 1 of character 4). B, left maxilla in lateral view (QG 205) showing the horizontal ridge (mr) on the ventral border of the maxillary body (character state 1 of character 15). Scale bars represent 10 mm.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.