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FIGURE 2 in Two New Species of Halictophagidae (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin

FIGURE 2. Coriophagus jennyae sp. n. Male holotype. A) Dorsal view. B) Antenna. C1) Head, dorsal view. C2) Head, ventral view showing vestigial maxilla = Mx. D) Pro- and mesothorax, ventral view with fore-wings, and legs 1 and 2. E1–E3) Outline of legs 1–3. F1) Terminalia, quarter-caudal view. F2) Terminalia, semi-rotated, dorsal view. F3) Terminalia, rotated dorsal view. G) Outline of terminalia, lateral view: Ae = aedeagus, EnP = possible extension of endophallus, VIII = 8th abdominal segment, IXs = 9th sternite, Xt = 10th tergite. H) Aedeagus.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 8. Records of land planarians from Peru. The black dots indicate areas with records and the relative size (and numbers inside them) indicates the number of localities cited for a given region. The species are listed for each region. The star indicates the type locality of G. excelentissima.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 7. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A, Female reproductive system, detail of the vagina opening into the female atrium. B, Male reproductive system showing the structure of the prostatic vesicle.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 6. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior end to the right).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 5. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A, Sagittal section of the pharynx (anterior end to the left). B, Sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus (anterior end to the right).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 4. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A nematode larva below the ventral cutaneous musculature.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 3. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A, Transversal section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Arrow heads show the glandular margin. B, Detail of the ventral side showing the oviduct and the efferent duct. C, Detail of the testes in the dorsal side. D, Detail of the glandular margin.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 2. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. Schematic drawing of the colour pattern and eyes of anterior (left) and posterior (right) body regions, in dorsal view from preserved specimen.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru

FIGURE 1. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. External view of a living specimen. A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. The anterior end is on the left.

FIGURE 4 in A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 4. Distribution map and occurrence areas (polygons) for Pristimantis luscombei and P. miktos sp. nov. in the upper Amazon Basin. Dark brown shaded colors represent areas above 1000 m above sea level.

FIGURE 5 in A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 5. Views of the holotype, in life and preservative, of Pristimantis miktos sp. nov., QCAZ 53531, from Juyuintza, Pastaza province, Ecuador. Note de distinctive deep orange iris and the reticulated cream pattern on snout in life. Photographs by H.M. Ortega-Andrade.

FIGURE 6 in A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 6. Dorsal and lateral views of living specimens of Pristimantis luscombei (a–b), an adult male (c-d) and adult female (e-f) of P. miktos sp. nov. Arrows show the location of a W-shaped dermal ridge in a male of P. luscombei, and an X-shaped dermal fold in a male of P. miktos (QCAZ 53530). Also note the more tuberculated dorsum and tarsus in the adult male of P. miktos (c-d), compared to the shagreen dorsum of the female holotype (e-f, QCAZ 53531). Both species can also be distinguished by their iris coloration, bronze and finely reticulated with black and with a median reddish stripe in P. luscombei, and deep orange with fine black reticulation in P. miktos.

FIGURE 3 in A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 3. Optimal maximum likelihood tree (log likelihood= -12131.05) inferred from a partitioned analysis of 1833 aligned sites of the 12S, 16S and COI (by codon position) mtDNA genes, showing the phylogenetic relationships among 22 Pristimantis species and outgroups. Numbers above nodes correspond to non-parametric bootstraps values and symbols on nodes correspond posterior probabilities resulting from Bayesian analyses.

FIGURE 1 in A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral view of the holotypes of a) Pristimantis luscombei, MHNURP 120, and b) Pristimantis achuar, QCAZ 25463. Photograph of P. achuar was taken by Carolina Yandún Vela, accessible at http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/gallery/ main.php?g2_itemId=83820

FIGURE 2 in A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 2. Specimen of Pristimantis miktos sp. nov. a) misidentified into the type series of P. luscombei (B−C). From left to right: (A) KU 222002, adult female; b) KU 222004, adult male; c) KU 222006, adult male. Note the dorsal and ventral pattern, the presence of a W-shaped fold on occiput (shown by the arrow in b) and the pointed tip of snout in Pristimantis luscombei, compared with P. miktos sp. nov.

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Phylogeography and population genetic structure of the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) in the Orinoco basin and Negro River (Amazon basin): evaluating connectivity and historical patterns of diversification

The Neotropics contain one of the most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes worldwide. Part of this diversity is shared between the Orinoco and Amazon basins. These basins have been separated for a long time due to the Vaupes Arch, rising between 10 - 11 Ma. Today, there is only one permanent connection between the Orinoco and Negro (Amazon) basins, known as the Casiquiare Canal. However, alternative corridors allowing fish dispersion between both basins have been proposed. The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), the most important fish in the ornamental world market, is distributed in both basins. Here we investigated P. axelrodi phylogeography, population structure, and potential routes of migration and connectivity between the two basins. A total of 468 bp of the mitochondrial gene (COI), 555 bp of the nuclear gene fragment (MYH6), and 8 microsatellite loci were analyzed. As a result, we found two major genetic clusters as the most likely scenario (K=2), but they were not discreetly distributed between basins. A gradient of genetic admixture was observed in Cucui and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, between the upper Negro River and the upper Orinoco. Samples from the middle-lower Negro River were highly structured. Cucui (Negro basin) was more similar to the Orinoco than to the rest of the Negro basin populations. However, substructure was also observed by the discriminant analysis, fixation indices and other hierarchichal structure analyses (K=3-6), showing three major geographic clusters: Orinoco, Cucui, and the remaining of the Negro basin. Unidirectional migration patterns were detected between basins: via Cucui toward Orinoco and via the remaining of the Negro basin toward Orinoco. Results from the Relaxed Random Walk analysis support a very recent origin of this species in the headwater Orinoco basin (Western Guiana Shield, at late Pleistocene) with a later rapid colonization of the remaining Orinoco basin and almost simultaneously the Negro River via Cucui, between 0.115 until about 0.001 Ma. Historical biogeography and population genetic patterns observed here for Cardinal tetra, seem to be better explained by river capture, physical, or ecological barriers than due to the geographic distance.

FIGURE 4 in New records of Pimelodella (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Colombia for the Amazon River basin, and redescription of P. serrata

FIGURE 4. Ventral view of pectoral-fin spine of a. Pimelodella bockmanni (left side), IAvH-P 9005, 1 c&s (86.0 mm SL); b. Pimelodella serrata (right side), ICN-MHN 4475, 1 c&s (70.0 mm SL); c. Pimelodella serrata, holotype, FMNH 57979 (modified from Eigenmann, 1917). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in New records of Pimelodella (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Colombia for the Amazon River basin, and redescription of P. serrata

FIGURE 1. Map of southern portion of Colombia showing collecting localities of Pimelodella bockmanni (white circles) and Pimelodella serrata (black circles).

FIGURE 3. Pimelodella serrata, a-b in New records of Pimelodella (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Colombia for the Amazon River basin, and redescription of P. serrata

FIGURE 3. Pimelodella serrata, a-b. lateral and dorsal view, ICN-MHN 7076, 90.3 mm SL, Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia, quebrada La Arenosa; c. holotype, FMNH 57979, 55.5 mm SL, photograph by M. Littmann, FMNH Division of Fishes; d. illustration of holotype from Eigenmann (1917). Scale bar 1 cm.

FIGURE 2 in New records of Pimelodella (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Colombia for the Amazon River basin, and redescription of P. serrata

FIGURE 2. Pimelodella bockmanni, IAvH-P 9138, 103.2 mm SL, Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia, stream tributary to Calderón. Scale bar 1 cm.