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2,837 results for “Climate Data”
Antarctic surface climate and surface mass balance in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (1850-2100) - AWS data
<p>This Antarctica AWS temperature and wind speed dataset was compiled by Alexandra Gossart and Niels Souverijns (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0030.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0030.1</a>).</p>
Data from: Climatic influences on winter precipitation use by trees in summer
<p>Trees in seasonal climates may use water originating from both winter and summer precipitation. However, the seasonal origins of water used by trees have not been systematically studied. We used stable isotopes of water to compare the seasonal origins of water found in three common tree species across 24 Swiss forest sites sampled in two different years. The data set provides information on the sites (e.g., latitude/longitude, site name), site characteristics (e.g., weather/climate), tree species studied (beech, spruce and oak), and corresponding observations of stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in tree xylem water. </p>
Sample ERA5 Climate Reanalysis Data for UW Geospatial Data Analysis Course
<p>Used for Module 09: https://uwgda-jupyterbook.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/09_NDarrays_xarray_ERA5/</p> <p>Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2022]<br> Original license: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/licence-to-use-copernicus-products.pdf</p>
Storyline data used in the paper "The July 2019 European heatwave in a warmer climate: Storyline scenarios with a coupled model using spectral nudging"
<p>We provide the storyline data (in NetCDF format) used in the paper: “The July 2019 European heatwave in a warmer climate: Storyline scenarios with a coupled model using spectral nudging” published in Journal of Climate. The data is structured in four .tar.gz files (Preindustrial, Present, 2 and 4 K warmer climates) containing all variables used in this each climate. The data from the five ensemble members (E1 to E5) have been included separately in 3-months files.</p> <p>Atmospheric variables (Files are named as: {variable}_E{ensemble member}_{starting month}{year}.nc:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Latent heat flux (ahfl)</p> </li> <li> <p>Sensible heat flux (ahfs)</p> </li> <li> <p>Monthly Global Mean 2m Temperature (GMTT2mMonthly)</p> </li> <li> <p>Maximum 2m Temperature (t2max)</p> </li> <li> <p>Mean 2m Temperature (t2mean)</p> </li> <li> <p>Minimum 2m Temperature (t2max)</p> </li> <li> <p>Soil Wetness (ws)</p> </li> </ul> <p> Only for present climate:</p> <ul> <li> <p>850 hPa Temperature (T850)</p> </li> <li> <p>Total Cloud Cover (TCC)</p> </li> <li> <p>500 hPa Geopotential Height (Z500)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Five layers soil moisture (Only for present climate, Files are named as: From20172019in2017Climatessp370{ensemble member}_{year}{starting month}.01_jsbid.nc) </p> <p>Oceanic variables (from FESOM, Files are named as: {variable}_E{ensemble member}_{year}{starting month}01.nc:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Sea Ice Concentration (SIC)</p> </li> <li> <p>Sea Surface Temperature (SST)</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Please, note that FESOM uses an unstructured mesh.</strong></p>
Seedlot Selection Tool Climate Data
<p>This dataset includes climate data used in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326291">Seedlot Selection Tool</a>. Data were generated by <a href="https://climatena.ca">ClimateNA</a> and converted to NetCDF format. Data are organized by region. The regions codes are below:</p> <ul> <li>ak2 - Alaska</li> <li>mexico1 - Mexico</li> <li>nc1 - North Central (central Canada, North-central United States)</li> <li>ne1 - North East (Eastern Canada, North-Eastern United States)</li> <li>uscentral1 - Central United States</li> <li>useast1 - Eastern United States</li> <li>west2 - Western United States</li> </ul>
Data from: Net plant interactions are highly variable and weakly dependent on climate at the global scale
<p>Data were collected from the literature. The dataset is a compilation of published studies.</p> <p>An ISI Web of Science search covering the time period from 1900 onwards was conducted to identify the publications on plant interactions. Each publication was individually reviewed, and the reference list was inspected to identify additional relevant publications. We collected a total 1,220 publications for data compilation. We built a global dataset of 10,502 pairs of plant interaction data.</p>
Combining climatic and genomic data improves range-wide tree height growth prediction in a forest tree
<p>Population response functions based on climatic and phenotypic data from common gardens have long been the gold standard for predicting quantitative trait variation in new environments. However, prediction accuracy might be enhanced by incorporating genomic information that captures the neutral and adaptive processes behind intra-population genetic variation. We used five clonal common gardens containing 34 provenances (523 genotypes) of maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em> Aiton) to determine whether models combining climatic and genomic data capture the underlying drivers of height-growth variation, and thus improve predictions at large geographical scales. The plastic component explained most of the height-growth variation, probably resulting from population responses to multiple environmental factors. The genetic component stemmed mainly from climate adaptation, and the distinct demographic and selective histories of the different maritime pine gene pools. Models combining climate-of-origin and gene pool of the provenances, and positive-effect height-associated alleles (PEAs) captured most of the genetic component of height-growth and better predicted new provenances compared to the climate-based population response functions. Regionally-selected PEAs were better predictors than globally-selected PEAs, showing high predictive ability in some environments, even when included alone in the models. These results are therefore promising for the future use of genome-based prediction of quantitative traits.</p>
Wind Data for Station-wise assessment of wind speed and direction under future climates across the United States
<p>This study employs statistical techniques to evaluate climate model performance in wind speed and direction and their projected future changes under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario over inland and offshore across the Continental United States (CONUS). It extends the scope of existing studies by characterizing the changes of the full range of the joint wind speed and direction distribution via a conditional approach. Projected uncertainties associated with different climate models and model internal variability are investigated and compared with the climate change signal to quantify the statistical significance of the future projections. The proposed conditional approach provides a better way to characterize the directional wind speed distributions that offers additional insights for the joint assessment of speed and direction. </p> <p>WRF data: We focus on seasonal (December-January-February (winter hereafter) and June-July-August (summer hereafter) statistics computed from the 3-hourly RCM outputs on both wind speed and direction over ten locations with different local topological features. We use three WRF simulations driven by Community Climate System Model 4 (CCSM4), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model 2 (GFDL-ESM2G), and the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 (HadGEM2-ES). These three GCMs represent a range of climate sensitivities that encompasses most of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) GCMs when projecting future temperature changes. In this work, we focus on RCP 8.5 scenario for future projections. A 16-member ensemble of one-year of RCM simulation using bias corrected CCSM-driven WRF is also generated for analyzing the uncertainty due to the RCM's internal variability (IV). </p> <p>Benchmark data: Reanalysis data are used as a verification dataset in order to evaluate the RCMs' wind conditions under study for the historical time period. For the seven inland locations, we use the second phase of the multi-institution North American Land Data Assimilation System project, phase 2, at a spatial resolution of 12 km and hourly resolution. NLDAS-2 is an offline data assimilation system featuring uncoupled land surface models driven by observation-based atmospheric forcing. The non-precipitation land surface forcing fields for NLDAS-2 are derived from the analysis fields of the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). NARR analysis fields are at a 32-km spatial resolution and 3-hourly temporal frequency.</p> <p>In-situ measurement: Since reanalysis data can present errors and uncertainties, ground measurements and offshore buoy measurements are used to consolidate the evaluation of RCMs' wind conditions for inland and offshore locations in historical climates. Observational data are extracted from the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network that consists stations covers the U.S. territory, available at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/asos-onemin. The offshore downscaled wind speeds from the historical decade are compared with National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy observations of near-surface wind velocities available at https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov. The observed winds at the NBDC anemometers are adjusted to 10-m above ground height and at 3-hourly rate. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data and code from: Opposite, but insufficient, phenological responses to climate in two circumpolar seabirds: relative roles of phenotypic plasticity and selection
<p><span>The magnitude of climate change has been greatest in the Arctic, accelerating climate-induced shifts in phenology, but wildlife responses vary. Variation may be due to the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity or phenotypic selection.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we examine and contrast the environmental drivers of plasticity in breeding phenology of two circumpolar seabirds at their receding summer range limit using unique datasets of marked individuals </span><span>covering </span><span>25 and 30</span><span> years</span><span>. Based on prior knowledge of the local ecosystems, we predicted that climate would generate opposing patterns of plasticity in the two populations.</span></p> <p><span>Laying phenology of kittiwakes in the Gulf of Alaska was associated with a large-scale climate oscillation (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) while the Arctic-breeding murres adjusted </span><span>laying to sea-ice conditions. Kittiwakes laid earlier after experiencing colder climate about two years prior and laying dates did not advance over the study, but murres laid earlier when warmer climate led to earlier spring sea-ice break-up, and murre laying dates advanced by one week since 1990. Selection favoured earlier laying in both species.</span></p> <p><span>Both populations adjusted breeding phenology to environmental variation, but we anticipate opposing effects on phenology with continued climate change. Ice-constrained species can likely adapt to some extent because plasticity can provide the necessary shift to this physical barrier, although individuals were only able to adjust by ~one week while ice conditions advanced by over a month</span><span>. </span><span>In more temperate regions</span><span>,</span><span> where phenology is driven by bottom-up effects, plasticity and selection counteract one another leading to limited adaptability. We provide insights into the likely adjustments by Arctic marine animals to an increasingly warmer and ice-less summer.</span></p>
Data from: Climate, competition, and the rise of mosasauroid ecomorphological disparity
Mosasauroidea, important marine lizards (Squamata, Toxicofera) of the final 30 million years of the Cretaceous, have been extensively studied for their morphology, ecology, and systematics in the past two centuries. However, the relative roles of biological and physical processes as drivers of their morphological diversification remains uncertain. Here we investigate the macroevolution of mosasauroid feeding and locomotory disparity using continuous characters measured from the mandible and forelimb. Patterns of morphospace occupation demonstrate important roles for innovation and niche partitioning in driving morphological disparity. The early evolution of Mosasauroidea is characterised by strong shifts in morphology, demonstrating the importance of elongation of the mandibular biting area and hydropedality. The later diversification of derived Mosasaurinae and Plioplatecarpinae is associated with a great expansion of morphospace, attributed to the acquisition of novel feeding and locomotory strategies. Temporally, disparity follows a top-heavy profile, possibly reflecting opportunism in the wake of the Cenomanian–Turonian anoxic event. The highest levels of disparity are found in the latest Cretaceous, caused by the radiation of derived mosasaurids alongside the persistence of more basal forms. Major morphological innovations are not associated with evolutionary rate shifts, which differentiates them from earlier marine reptiles, and may reflect constant and greater niche occupation in Late Cretaceous oceans. Linear modelling of potential physical drivers indicates a minor role for these processes, suggesting that biological drivers were the primary sculptors of mosasauroid morphological disparity.
Data from: Influence of topographic features and vegetation on climate refugia in the boreal plains
<ol> <li>Climate-change refugia can be defined by the strength of influence of physiographic and biotic properties on local atmospheric conditions relative to regional averages. In flatter landscapes, thermal heterogeneity and decoupling may be limited. We sought to quantify the magnitude of climate decoupling produced by topographic variation and vegetation in North America's boreal-parkland-grassland transition zone.</li> <li>We deployed iButton data loggers at four hill and 12 river valley systems along a latitudinal gradient in Alberta, Canada (N = 240) between 2014 and 2018. We modelled monthly temperature metrics by season as a function of topography and percent vegetation cover using general linear mixed effect models.</li> <li>Summer T<sub>max</sub> varied ~6 <sup>o</sup>C across the entire elevation gradient sampled, and ~3.5 <sup>o</sup>C within the range of topographic conditions sampled, after accounting for latitude. We found that canopy cover type had a negative effect on most temperature metrics, with coniferous forests having the strongest effect on T<sub>min </sub>and T<sub>ave</sub>. Spatial predictions derived from models based on iButton sensors resulted in similar regional patterns compared to a gridded climate product (ClimateNA), but the difference between them increased with potential solar radiation, vegetation cover and terrain roughness.</li> <li>We observed that local T<sub>max</sub> on steep, north-facing slopes with relatively low levels of potential solar radiation were 0.5 – 1.5 <sup>o</sup>C cooler than the surrounding landscape on average, while terrain roughness may further contribute to 0.5 – 0.7 <sup>o</sup>C. When combined, these local landscape characteristics may compensate for expected warming by the end of the century. Topographic and vegetation characteristics that are related to colder local climates should be considered in the evaluation of future climate-change impacts and to identify potential refugia from climate-change.</li> </ol>
Data from: Underlying geology and climate interactively shape climate change refugia in mountain streams
<p>Identifying climate-change refugia is a key adaptation strategy for reducing global warming impacts. Knowledge of the effects of underlying geology on thermal regime along climate gradients and the ecological responses to the geology-controlled thermal regime is essential to plan appropriate climate adaptation strategies. In the present study, the dominance of volcanic rocks in the watershed is used as a landscape-scale surrogate for cold groundwater inputs to clarify the importance of underlying geology in stream ecosystems along climate gradients. First, using hundreds of monitoring stations distributed across multiple catchments, we explored the relationship between watershed geology and the mean summer water temperature of mountain streams along climate gradients in the Japanese archipelago. Mean summer water temperature was explained by the interaction between the watershed geology and climate in addition to independent effects. The cooling effect supported by volcanic rocks reached up to 3.3°C among study regions, which was more pronounced in streams with less summer precipitation or lower air temperatures. Next, we examined the function of volcanic streams as cold refugia under contemporary and future climatic conditions. Community composition analyses revealed that volcanic streams hosted distinct stream communities composed of more cold-water species compared with non-volcanic streams. Scenario analyses based on multiple GCMs and RCPs revealed a geology-related pattern of thermal habitat loss for cold-water species. Non-volcanic streams rapidly declined in thermally suitable habitats for lotic sculpins even under the lowest emission scenario (RCP 2.6). In contrast, most volcanic streams will be sustained below the thermal threshold, especially for low and mid-level emission scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5). However, the distinct stream community in volcanic streams and geology-dependent habitat loss for lotic sculpins was not uniform and was more pronounced in streams with less summer precipitation or lower air temperatures. These findings highlight that underlying geology, climate variability, and their interaction should be considered simultaneously for effective management of climate-change refugia in mountain streams. </p>
Data and code for: Climate change expected to improve digestive rate and trigger range expansion in outbreaking locusts
<p>Data and code for "Climate change expected to improve digestive rate and trigger range expansion in outbreaking locusts," accepted in <em>Ecological Monographs</em></p>
Data from: Contrasting climate sensitivity of Pinus cembra tree-ring traits in the Carpathians
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>High elevation ecosystems are one of the most sensitive to climate change. The analysis of growth and xylem structure of trees from marginal populations, especially the ones growing at the treeline, could provide early-warning signs to better understand species-specific responses to future climate conditions. In this study, we combined classical dendrochronology with wood density and anatomical measurements to investigate the climate sensitivity of <em>Pinus cembra</em> L., a typical European high-elevation tree species </span><span>distributed in isolated patches</span><span> in the Carpathians. Samples were collected from the Retezat Mountains, South-Western Romania. We analyzed ring-width (TRW), maximum density (MXD), xylem anatomical traits (cell number per ring (CNo), cell density (CD), conduit area (CA), and cell-wall </span><span>thickness (CWT)) time series, split into </span><span>ring </span><span>sectors and assessed the relationships with monthly and daily climate records over the last century (1901-2015). The analysis showed a strong dependency of TRW on CNo and MXD on CWT. Summer temperature positively correlated with MXD and CWT (monthly correlation (<em><span>r) </span></em><span>were<em> </em></span>0.65 and 0.48 respectively) from the early- to late-wood but not TRW (<em><span>r</span></em>=0.22). CA positively correlated with water availability (<em><span>r=</span></em>0.37) and negatively correlated with temperature (<em><span>r=</span></em>-0.39). This study improves our general understanding of the climate-growth relationships of a European</span><span> high-elevation tree species and the results could be considered for forecasting population dynamics on projected changes in climate.</span></p>
Data from: Climate change is associated with increased allocation to potential outcrossing in a common mixed mating species
<p><strong>Premise:</strong> The balance between cross- and self-fertilization is driven by the environment. Yet no long-term study has documented whether anthropogenic climate change is affecting reproductive strategy allocation in species with mixed mating systems. Here, we test whether the common blue violet (<em>Viola sororia</em>; Violaceae) has altered relative allocation to the production of potentially outcrossing flowers as the climate has changed across the 20th century.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using herbarium records spanning 1875 to 2015 from the central United States, we quantified production of obligately selfing cleistogamous (CL) flowers and potentially outcrossing chasmogamous (CH) flowers by <em>V. sororia</em>, coupled these records with historic temperature and precipitation data, and tested whether changes to the proportion of CL flowers correlate with temporal climate trends.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We find that <em>V. sororia</em> progressively produced lower proportions of CL flowers across the past century and in environments with lower mean annual temperature and higher total annual precipitation. We also find that both CL and CH flower phenology has advanced across this time period.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our results suggest that <em>V. sororia</em> has responded to lower temperatures and greater water availability by shifting reproductive strategy allocation away from selfing and toward potential outcrossing. This provides the first long term study of how climate change may affect relative allocation to potential outcrossing in species with mixed mating systems. By revealing that CL flowering is associated with low water availability and high temperature, our results suggest the production of obligately selfing flowers is favored in water limited environments.</p>
Flood timing data for the paper "Climate Leads to Reversed Latitudinal Changes in Chinese Flood Peak Timing"
<p>Flood timing data and derived flood objects used in the paper <em>Climate Leads to Reversed Latitudinal Changes in Chinese Flood Peak Timing.</em></p>
Supplemental data and code for Climate change will amplify the inequitable exposure to compound heatwave and ozone pollution
<p>Supplemental data and code for Climate change will amplify the inequitable exposure to compound heatwave and ozone pollution</p>
Data from: Land-based climate solutions for the United States
<p class="MsoNormal">Meeting end-of-century global warming targets requires aggressive action on multiple fronts. Recent reports note the futility of addressing mitigation goals without fully engaging the agricultural sector, yet no available assessments combine both nature-based solutions (reforestation, grassland and wetland protection, and agricultural practice change) and cellulosic bioenergy for a single geographic region. Collectively, these solutions might offer a suite of climate, biodiversity, and other benefits greater than either alone. Nature-based solutions are largely constrained by the duration of carbon accrual in soils and forest biomass; each of these carbon pools will eventually saturate. Bioenergy solutions can last indefinitely but carry significant environmental risk if carelessly deployed. We detail a simplified scenario for the U.S. that illustrates the benefits of combining approaches. We assign a portion of non-forested former cropland to bioenergy sufficient to meet projected mid-century transportation needs, with the remainder assigned to nature-based solutions such as reforestation. Bottom-up mitigation potentials for the aggregate contributions of crop, grazing, forest, and bioenergy lands are assessed by including in a Monte Carlo model conservative ranges for cost-effective local mitigation capacities, together with ranges for (a) areal extents that avoid double counting and include realistic adoption rates and (b) the projected duration of different carbon sinks. The projected duration illustrates the net effect of eventually saturating soil carbon pools in the case of most strategies, and additionally saturating biomass carbon pools in the case of reforestation. Results show a conservative end-of-century mitigation capacity of 110 (57 – 178) Gt CO<sub>2</sub>e for the U.S., ~50% higher than existing estimates that prioritize nature-based or bioenergy solutions separately. Further research is needed to shrink uncertainties but there is sufficient confidence in the general magnitude and direction of a combined approach to plan for deployment now.</p>
Data from: Climate matching and anthropogenic factors contribute to the colonisation and extinction of local populations during avian invasions
<p>Concern about the impacts of biological invasions has generated a great deal of interest in understanding factors that determine invasion success. Most of our current knowledge comes from static approaches that use spatial patterns as a proxy of temporal processes. These approaches assume that species are present in areas where environmental conditions are the most favourable. However, this assumption is problematic when applied to dynamic processes such as species expansions when equilibrium has not been reached. In our work, we analyse the roles played by human activities, climatic matching, and spatial connectivity on the two main underlying processes shaping the spread of invasive species (i.e., colonisation and extinction) using a dynamic modelling approach. For this, we used a large dataset that has recorded the occurrence of two invasive bird species -the ring-necked and the monk parakeets- in the Iberian Peninsula from 1991 to 2016. </p>
Data from: Small but mighty: how overlooked small species maintain community structure through middle Eocene climate change
<p>Understanding current and future biodiversity responses to changing climate is pivotal as anthropogenic climate change continues. This understanding is complicated though by the multitude of available metrics to quantify dynamics, and by biased sampling protocols. Here, we investigate the impact of sampling protocol strategies using a data-rich fossil record to calculate effective diversity using Hill numbers for the first time on Paleogene planktonic foraminifera. We sample 22,830 individual tests, in two different size classes, across a seven-million-year time slice of the Middle Eocene featuring a major transient warming event, the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 million years ago (Ma)), at study sites in the mid-latitude North Atlantic. Using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), we investigate community responses to climatic fluctuations. After correcting for any effects of fossil fragmentation, we show a peak in generic diversity in the early and mid-stages of the MECO as well as divergent trajectories between the typical size-selected community (> 180 µm) and a broader selection including smaller genera (> 63 µm). Assemblages featuring smaller genera are more resilient to the climatic fluctuations of the MECO than those assemblages that feature only larger genera, maintaining their community structure at the reference Hill numbers for Shannon's and Simpson's Index. These results raise fundamental questions about how communities respond to climate excursions. In addition, our results emphasise the need to design studies with the aim of collecting the most inclusive data possible, to allow detection of community changes and determine which species are likely to dominate future environments. </p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.