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FIGURE 1 in Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders

FIGURE 1. Map of México showing the localities where plethodontid salamanders were sampled: Texcalyacac, Estado de México; Llano Grande, Estado de México; Tlaxco, Tlaxcala.

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FIGURE 3 in Molecular taxonomic reassessment of the Cloud Forest's Bolitoglossa salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Cordillera de Mérida (Mérida state, Venezuela)

FIGURE 3. Original ML tree (500 bootstrap pseudoreplicates), showing the location of the sister salamander species from Cordillera de Mérida (Mérida state), B. orestes (Sierra La Culata) and La Mucuy salamander (Bolitoglossa sp. nov., Sierra Nevada de Mérida). The analysis was performed using default parameters (Kimura 2-parameter model, with uniform substitution rates among sites). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 4. Simplified cladogram of the Hynobiidae depicting the basal split between Onychodactylus (major-group I) and all remaining hynobiids (major-group II) and the polytomy among the five major hynobiid clades (see Discussion for IIA-IIE). The polytomy is inferred based on conflicting estimates of relationships across phylogenetic optimality criteria and weak branch support in the parsimony and maximum likelihood trees.

FIGURE 3. Tree resulting from a in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 3. Tree resulting from a twelve-partition maximum likelihood analysis of the combined 12S–16S and ND2–COI mtDNA genic sequence data. Species with two or more sampled individuals are numbered as in Table 1 for sample location. Filled circles on nodes represent maximum likelihood bootstrap values of ≥ 95. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values <95. Filled diamonds represent branches supported with parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 90, Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, and maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 95.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 1. Consensus of two equally most parsimonious trees resulting from an analysis of the combined 12S–16S and ND2–COI mtDNA genic sequence data. Species with two or more sampled individuals are numbered as in Table 1 for sample location. Filled circles on nodes represent parsimony bootstrap values of ≥ 95. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values <95. Bootstrap values <50 are not presented. Bold numbers below branches represent decay indices. Filled diamonds represent branches supported with parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 90, Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, and maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 95.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 2. Bayesian majority-rule consensus phylogram resulting from the posterior density of a seven-partition analysis of the combined 12S–16S and ND2–COI mtDNA genic sequence data. There was no topological difference with this tree and that derived from a three partition analysis of the data. Species with two or more sampled individuals are numbered as in Table 1 for sample location. Filled circles on nodes represent Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95. Posterior probabilities <0.95 are indicated on their respective branches. Filled diamonds represent branches supported with parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 90, Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, and maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 95.

Figure 6. A in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 6. A, sacrum in anterior view (left, 3D reconstruction; right, labelled drawing), with abbreviations as defined in the legend to Figure 3. B, sacrum in posterolateral view, illustrating the spinal nerve foramen. C, articulated caudosacral and caudal vertebrae in left lateral view. D, left trunk rib articulating on v3 in anterior view. E, sacral rib in posterior view. Legend: da, dorsal articulation; ha, haemal arch; pa, posteroventral articulation with ilium; up, uncinate process; snf, spinal nerve foramen; va, ventral articulation.

Figure 2 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 2. Photograph of MNHN.F.QU17755, holotype of Phosphotriton sigei gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. The old collection number (1903–20) is partially visible. CG, costal groove; cl, cloaca; d, damaged area; f, fold; hl, hindlimb; pis, pisolith; r, rib; vc, vertebral column.

Figure 1 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 1. Original drawings of the 'mummified' salamander in ventral (numbered 420) and dorsal (numbered 419) views, from Filhol (1877). In Filhol's legend, drawing 419 would represent a portion of the snake Coluber lafonti, and only drawing 420 would represent the salamander. Note that the drawings are inverted (they are lithographs), and that the specimen is represented upside down (i.e. cranial direction down). The title of the plate is 'Reptiles of the Phosphorites' (translation by the authors).

Figure 4 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the skeleton of Phosphotriton sigei gen. et sp. nov. (B), scaled to the same length as other Eurasian urodeles: a European plethodontid, Hydromantes italicus Dunn, 1923 (A), and two salamandrids, Hypselotriton orientalis (David, 1873) (C) and Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) (D).

Figure 8 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree of urodeles based on parsimony analysis of morphological and molecular data (modified from the matrix of Wiens et al., 2005), showing the relationships between extant urodeles and Phosphotriton sigei gen. et sp. nov. Supraspecific names in bold indicate taxa into which the new taxon is included in the majority-rule (50%) consensus tree; numbers above branches, bootstrap values; bold numbers under branches, percentage of trees (among the first tree yielded by each of the 200 bootstrap replicates) in which P. sigei gen. et sp. nov. is placed on the branch.

Figure 5. A, v1 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 5. A, v1 in left lateral view with value for the angle between the posterior end of the neural arch and the zygapophyseal plane. B, v8 in left lateral view, with value of the same angle.

Figure 7 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 7. Three-dimensional reconstructions of various parts of the skeleton (A–D) and of the lung (E, F). A, right and left femora in lateral and proximal views. B, left ilium in medial and lateral views. C, left and right ischia in dorsal view. D, pelvic bones in dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views; green (light grey in print), femur; light blue (medium grey in print), ischium; and dark blue (dark grey in print), ilium. E, virtual cross section of the anteriormost part of MNHN.F.QU17755, showing part of the preserved lung. F, three-dimensional reconstruction of the preserved part of the lung, in ventral view. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; ama, anterior margin of the acetabulum; Ant., anterior; ct, crista trochanterica; gt, greater trochanter; plp, posterolateral projection; pmp, posterior median process; sh, shaft; tb, tubercle; trg, trochanteric groove; Vent., ventral.

Figure 3. A in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France

Figure 3. A, skeleton of MNHN.F.QU17755 in dorsal view. B–F, trunk vertebra (v6) in dorsal (B), ventral (C), left lateral (D), posterior (E), and anterior (F) views. G–J, trunk vertebrae in posterolateral view, illustrating a type-III disposition of the spinal nerves (Edwards, 1976) in Paramesotriton deloustali (Bourret, 1934) (G), Pseudobranchus striatus (LeConte, 1824) (H), Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) (I), and Bolitoglossa mexicana Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854 (J). Abbreviations: ac, anterior cotyle; af, anterior foramen; air, anterior interzygapophyseal ridge; bl, bony lamina; c, centrum; d, diapophysis; dap, dorsal alar process; f, fossa; lf, lateral fossa; LF, left femur; LI, left ilium; Lis, left ischium; mn, median notch; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; noc, notochordal canal; nsp, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pc, posterior cotyle; pir, posterior interzygapophyseal ridge; po, postzygapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; pvc, posterior ventral crest; rb, ribbearer; RF, right femur; RI, right ilium; Ris, right ischium; s, sacrum; scf, subcentral foramen; snf, spinal nerve foramen.

Figure 4. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 2 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 4. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 2/12937, part of skull roof. A, B, photograph and interpretive drawing, as exposed. C, digital reconstruction in lateral view based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; frf, frontal facet; lp, lateral process of frontal; nas, nasal; par, parietal; ph?, phalange?; vr, ventral ridge. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 1. Geographical position of the Kokartus localities (Kyzylsu 1; Kugart 1; Nichke 1) in the Kugart River Basin (asterisk) in the eastern part of the Fergana Depression (the upper map is redrawn from Averianov et al. 2005 and the lower map is modified from http://maps.google.ru/maps).

Figure 7. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 7. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1/12937, partial disarticulated skull. A, B, digital reconstruction of the underside and exposed sides based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: den, dentary; hb1, hypobranchial 1; hb2, hypobranchial 2; mx, maxilla; nas, nasal; pmx, premaxilla; pra?, prearticular?; prfr?, prefrontal?; prsph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vom, vomer. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 3 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 3. Kokartus honorarius, ZIN PH 65/47. Partial skull as exposed. A, B, photograph and interpretive drawing. C, digital reconstruction of part the specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: apt, anterior process of pterygoid; fr, frontal; par, parietal; ph, phalanges; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vr, ventral ridge; vrsq, ventral ramus of squamosal. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 5. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 6 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 5. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 6/12937 (A–E) and CCMGE 2/11998 (F–H). A–E, as exposed. D, E, digital reconstruction of the specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. H, digital reconstruction of the specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. F–G, photograph and interpretive drawing. Abbreviations: den, dentary; exo, exoccipital; mx?, maxilla?; par?, parietal?; pra, prearticular; sq, squamosal. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 10 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 10. Strict consensus of 44 most parsimonious trees showing the position of karaurids. Eocaecilia is highlighted by *. Synapomorphies supporting Batrachia (A), Caudata (B), and Karauridae (C) clades: Clade A, 65(2), dermal sculpturing: little to none; 130(2), Meckelian fossa: absent; 165(1), extended transverse processes: present. Clade B, 2(2), skull: trunk: 0.20–0.29; 51(1), parietal–squamosal contact: present; 92(2), anterior palatine: palatine absent; 102(1), denticles on parasphenoid: absent; 201(2), deltapectoral crest: prominent; 220(1), spinal cord supports: present. Clade C, 65(2), dermal sculpturing: tubercules and short ridges.