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4,462 results for “South America”
Figs. 5–9 in Redescription and first record in South America of Neogriphoneura timida Curran (Diptera, Lauxaniidae)
Figs. 5–9. Neogriphoneura timida Curran.(5) Epandrial complex, posterior view; (6) epandrial complex, lateral view; (7) aedeagal complex, dorsal view; (8) aedeagal complex, lateral view; (9) spermathecae. Scale: 1 mm.
Figs. 1–4 in Redescription and first record in South America of Neogriphoneura timida Curran (Diptera, Lauxaniidae)
Figs. 1–4. Neogriphoneura timida Curran. (1) Habitus, lateral view (female); (2) habitus, dorsal view (female); (3) head, dorsal view (male); (4) wing (female). Scale: 2 mm.
Fig. 10 in Redescription and first record in South America of Neogriphoneura timida Curran (Diptera, Lauxaniidae)
Fig. 10. Distributional map of Neogriphoneura timida Curran. Yellow circles correspond to previously known records; black circles with yellow rim correspond to the new records.
Figure 6 in Taxonomy of the Neotropical species of Calythea (Anthomyiidae: Diptera), with description of two new species from South America
Figure 6 Map of Calythea species from Neotropical region. Circles= literature records; triangle= new records.
Fig. 1 in Catalogue and red list of Acalypha L. (Euphorbiaceae) from South America
Fig. 1. Distribution of Acalypha L. in South America. Black dots represent georeferenced Acalypha herbarium collections studied by us.
GlobBiomass dataset of forest biomass, South America S (25 m)
<p>The dataset consists of a map of above ground forest biomass (AGB, unit: tons/ha i.e., Mg/ha) of the South American region (between 60°S and 10°S) for the year 2010 (raster dataset) with a pixel size of 25 m x 25 m. AGB is defined as the mass, expressed as oven-dry weight of the woody parts (stem, bark, branches and twigs) of all living trees excluding stump and roots. Per-pixel estimates of above-ground biomass uncertainty expressed as standard error in Mg/ha (raster dataset) are also provided. </p> <p>The AGB estimates were obtained from spaceborne SAR (ALOS PALSAR, Envisat ASAR), optical (Landsat-7), LiDAR (ICESAT), auxiliary datasets with multiple estimation procedures (Santoro et al., ESSD, 2021). </p> <p>In this repository, the AGB data are available in form of tiles of 2° x 2° (bounding box: longitude -180°E/-26°E latitude: -60°N/-10°N).</p> <p>This dataset is the basis for the official GlobBiomass dataset consisting of global estimates of forest biomass with 1 ha pixels (<a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711">https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711</a>). The dataset in this repository represents the original GlobBiomass dataset of AGB from which the official dataset was obtained after averaging from 25 m to 100 m. Given the lower accuracy of the 25 m pixel-based estimates, it is recommended to use the official GlobBiomass dataset unless detailed spatial resolution is a fundamental asset. </p> <p>Technical specifications are provided in the file README_GLOBBIOMASS_South_America_S_20210428.pdf</p>
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the 215 in Morphological and Molecular Identification of Isospora sepetibensis (Chromista: Miozoa: Eimeriidae) from a New Host, Trichothraupis melanops (Passeriformes: Thraupidae: Tachyphoninae) in South America
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the 215 bp long cox1 sequences. Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support (1,000 replicates; only values> 50% shown) for Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood, respectively. The scale-bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the cox1 in Morphological and Molecular Identification of Isospora sepetibensis (Chromista: Miozoa: Eimeriidae) from a New Host, Trichothraupis melanops (Passeriformes: Thraupidae: Tachyphoninae) in South America
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the cox1 sequences. Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support (1,000 replicates; only values> 50% shown) for Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood, respectively. The scale-bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Fig. 1 in Morphological and Molecular Identification of Isospora sepetibensis (Chromista: Miozoa: Eimeriidae) from a New Host, Trichothraupis melanops (Passeriformes: Thraupidae: Tachyphoninae) in South America
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of sporulated oocysts of Isospora sepetibensis, a coccidium species recovered from the black-goggled tanager Trichothraupis melanops. Note the inner (il) and outer (ol) layer of the oocyst wall, nucleus (n), polar granule (pg), Stieda body (sb), sub- Stieda body (ssb), sporocyst residuum (sr), striations (str) and the refractile body (rb). Sheather's sugar solution. Scale-bar: 10 µm.
Fig. 3. Zammara medialinea n in TWO NEW ZAMMARA SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: CICADOMORPHA: CICADIDAE)
Fig. 3. Zammara medialinea n.sp. type male. A. Dorsal view. Bar = 2 cm. B. Ventral view. Bar = 2 cm.
Fig. 2. Zammara olioacea n in TWO NEW ZAMMARA SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: CICADOMORPHA: CICADIDAE)
Fig. 2. Zammara olioacea n.sp. type male. A. Dorsal opening to the timbal. B. Male operculum. C. Lateral view of the type male genitalia. D. Posterior view of male genitalia.
Study of CYD Dengue Vaccine in Healthy Children and Adolescents in South America
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01187433. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Lesser Yellowlegs location data describing the occurrence of birds within harvest zones in the Caribbean and South America
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 1 in The genus Cuernavaca (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae), associated with Pontederiaceae in South America, with redescription and new records of C. inexacta (Walker)
Figure 1. Cuernavaca inexacta (Walker) (MLPA) Male: (A) habitus, dorsolateral view; (E) genito-anal segments, left lateral view. Female: (B) habitus, dorsolateral view; (C) ventral view; (D) apex of hind leg (post tibial apical teeth and tarsi); (F) genito-anal segments, left lateral view; (G) genito-anal segments, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D: 5 mm; E: 0.5 mm; F-G: 1 mm.
New species boundaries and the diversification history of marsh rat taxa clarify historical connections among ecologically and geographically distinct wetlands of South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Taxa with broad geographic ranges that occur in different biomes and exhibit plastic morphological traits and/or adaptations to particular habitats make inferences about species boundaries especially challenging. However, technological and conceptual advances in the generation and analysis of genomic data have advanced the description of biodiversity. Here we address the outstanding questions about the delimitation of species in the genus <i>Holochilus, </i>a rodent with morphological specializations to wetland habitats, distributed through almost all the South America continent using genome‐wide SNP and morphometric data. Specifically, we apply a Bayesian model‐based species delimitation that revealed significant re-arrangements of species boundaries based on consideration of both morphometric and genomic data alone, or in combination. With these shifts in species boundaries, our results provide an insightful framework for inferring the group's biogeographic history and considering possible connections between disjoint biomes in South America. Because of the ecological constraints of the marsh rats, and with the proposed taxonomic re-arrangements, the significance of our findings extends beyond systematics and suggests how diversification might be associated with past ecological/environmental changes during the Pleistocene. Overall, this study highlights how genomic data can provide phylogenetic information for resolving relationships among species of <i>Holochilus</i>, but also the importance of integrative approaches to identify evolutionary independent species. For the relatively understudied vast wetlands of South America, a robust species delimitation framework therefore becomes a critical source of data relevant to hypotheses about the history of the biomes themselves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: A revised sectional classification of Plukenetia L. (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) with four new species from South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We present a phylogenetic classification for <i>Plukenetia</i> (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic studies using nuclear (ETS, ITS, <i>KEA1 </i>introns 11 and 17, <i>TEB </i>exon 17) and plastid (<i>matK</i>, <i>ndhF</i>, <i>psbA-trnH</i>) DNA data. <i>Plukenetia</i> comprises 25 species divided into six sections, with three new sections and four new species described here. The circumscription of <i>Plukenetia</i> is unaltered from recent treatments and we continue to recognize <i>Romanoa </i>as distinct. The sections of <i>Plukenetia</i> correspond with the subclade system proposed by Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016): P1 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Fragariopsis</i> comb. et stat. nov.; P2 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Penninerviae</i> sect. nov.; P3 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Plukenetia</i>; P4 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Angostylidium</i>; and P5 = <i>P. </i>sect. <i>Hedraiostylus</i> + <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Madagascarienses </i>sect. nov. The sections are distinguished by a combination of leaf venation, staminate flower morphology, pistillate flower number, style morphology, fruit type, and seed size. Additionally, we describe three new species from South America belonging to sect. <i>Penninerviae</i>: <b><i>Plukenetia brevistyla </i></b>and<b><i> Plukenetia megastyla</i> </b>from the Amazon basin and <b><i>Plukenetia chocoensis</i></b>from the Chocó Biogeographic Region of Colombia. The new Amazonian species are morphologically similar to <i>P. brachybotrya</i> but distinguished by their style shape and size. The new Colombian species is morphologically similar to <i>P. penninervia</i> but distinguished by its elongate basilaminar extrafloral nectaries, presence of abaxial laminar extrafloral nectaries, and longer inflorescences. We also describe a new species from sect. <i>Plukenetia</i>, <b><i>Plukenetia sylvestris</i></b>, which is widespread in central and southern Peru. This species is suggested to be the wild progenitor of the cultivated <i>P. carolis-vegae</i>, differing by its smaller seeds/fruits and fewer stamens. Molecular data, including a new ETS phylogeny sampling <i>P. brevistyla</i>, support our new taxa as distinct. Keys to the sections and species of <i>Plukenetia</i> are provided<i> </i>and we designate 12 new lectotypes for <i>Plukenetia</i> and <i>Romanoa</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Paleotemperatures and recurrent habitat shifts drive diversification of treefrogs across distinct biodiversity hotspots in sub-Amazonian South America
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: We investigate the biogeographic history and diversification in a treefrog lineage distributed in contrasting (open and forested) ecoregions of South America, including three biodiversity hotspots. We evaluate the role of dispersal and whether other factors such as diversity-dependence or paleotemperatures could explain the diversification pattern for this group. Especially focusing on the savanna endemics, we illuminate on processes governing the species assembly and evolution of the Cerrado savanna.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: South American ecoregions south of the Amazon (e.g. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Araucaria Forest, Pampas, Central and Southern Andes).</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Boana pulchella group.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We built the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny for the group to date. We then reconstructed ancestral ranges using the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model comparing different dispersal scenarios considering distance, adjacency and ecological similarity among regions. A center-of-origin hypothesis in forest versus open ecoregions was also tested. Using biogeographical stochastic mapping, we additionally estimated the contribution of range shifts across different biomes. Lastly, we evaluated several diversification models, including the effect of time, diversity-dependence and temperature-dependence on speciation and extinction rates.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The Boana pulchella group originated during the Early Miocene (~17.5 MYA) and underwent high speciation rates during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, with a decreasing trend following the Miocene Climatic Transition. We found no support for a single ecoregion acting as a center of origin and diversification; instead, we inferred recurrent range shifts with dispersal among dissimilar adjacent ecoregions. Speciation linearly dependent on paleotemperatures, with either no or very low constant extinction rates, best explained the slowdown diversification pattern.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong>: Our results support a species assembly of Cerrado savanna in South America during the Miocene with intermittent interchange with rainforest habitats. Past climate changes impacted the rate new species originated with apparently no impact on extinction. Finally, the repeated habitat shifts among open/dry and forested/humid ecoregions, rather than long-term in-situ diversification in single areas, highlights the very dynamic historical interchange between contrasting habitats in South America, possibly contributing to its high species diversity.</p>
Figure 1 in New species of Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) from Central and South America
Figure 1. Orasema lasallei sp. nov.
Figure 2 in New species of Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) from Central and South America
Figure 2. Antennae. an, anellus; Fu8, funicular 8. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.
Supplementary Information for "Resolution and the Detection of Cultural Dispersals: development and application of spatiotemporal methods in Lowland South America"
<p>Data and code to reproduce the analyses in "Resolution and the Detection of Cultural Dispersals: development and application of spatiotemporal methods in Lowland South America"</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Inferring episodes of expansion, admixture, diffusion, and/or migration in prehistory is at present undergoing a resurgence in macro-scale archaeological interpretation. In parallel to this renewed popularity, expanding access to computational tools and datasets has seen the use of aggregated radiocarbon datasets for the study of dispersals also increasing. This paper advocates for developing reflexive practice in the application of radiocarbon dates to prehistoric dispersals, by reflecting on the quality and qualities of the underlying data, particularly chronometric uncertainty, and framing dispersals explicitly in terms of hypothesis testing. This paper draws on cultural expansions within South America and employs two emblematic examples, the Arauquinoid and Tupiguarani traditions, to develop an analytical solution that not only incorporates chronometric uncertainty in bivariate regression but, importantly, tests whether the datasets provide statistically significant evidence for a dispersal process. The analysis, which the paper provides the means to replicate, identifies fundamental issues with resolution and data quality that impede identification of pre-Columbian cultural dispersals through simple spatial gradients of radiocarbon data. The results suggest that reflexivity must be fed back into theoretical frameworks of prehistoric mobility for the study of dispersals, in turn informing the construction of more critical statistical null models. As a first step, alternative models of cultural expansion should be formally considered alongside demographic models.Inferring episodes of expansion, admixture, diffusion, and/or migration in prehistory is at present undergoing a resurgence in macro-scale archaeological interpretation. In parallel to this renewed popularity, expanding access to computational tools and datasets has seen the use of aggregated radiocarbon datasets for the study of dispersals also increasing. This paper advocates for developing reflexive practice in the application of radiocarbon dates to prehistoric dispersals, by reflecting on the quality and qualities of the underlying data, particularly chronometric uncertainty, and framing dispersals explicitly in terms of hypothesis testing. This paper draws on cultural expansions within South America and employs two emblematic examples, the Arauquinoid and Tupiguarani traditions, to develop an analytical solution that not only incorporates chronometric uncertainty in bivariate regression but, importantly, tests whether the datasets provide statistically significant evidence for a dispersal process. The analysis, which the paper provides the means to replicate, identifies fundamental issues with resolution and data quality that impede identification of pre-Columbian cultural dispersals through simple spatial gradients of radiocarbon data. The results suggest that reflexivity must be fed back into theoretical frameworks of prehistoric mobility for the study of dispersals, in turn informing the construction of more critical statistical null models. As a first step, alternative models of cultural expansion should be formally considered alongside demographic models.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.