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FIGURE 4 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

FIGURE 4. Map of Sulawesi showing the localities recorded in this study.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

FIGURE 1. Map of eastern Indonesia showing the principle islands.

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Data from: Shear-sensitive adhesion enables size-independent adhesive performance in stick insects

<p>The ability to climb with adhesive pads conveys significant advantages, and is hence widespread in the animal kingdom. The physics of adhesion predict that attachment is more challenging for large animals, whereas detachment is harder for small animals, due to the difference in surface-to-volume ratios. Here, we use stick insects to show that this problem is solved at both ends of the scale by linking adhesion to the applied shear force. Adhesive forces of individual insect pads, measured with perpendicular pull-offs, increased approximately in proportion to a linear pad dimension across instars. In sharp contrast, whole-body force measurements suggested area-scaling of adhesion. This discrepancy is explained by the presence of shear forces during whole-body measurements, as confirmed in experiments with pads sheared prior to detachment. When we applied shear forces proportional to either pad area or body weight, pad adhesion also scaled approximately with area or mass, respectively, providing a mechanism that can compensate for the size-related loss of adhesive performance predicted by isometry. We demonstrate that the adhesion-enhancing effect of shear forces is linked to pad sliding, which increased the maximum adhesive force per area sustainable by the pads. As shear forces in natural conditions are expected to scale with mass, sliding is more frequent and extensive in large animals, thus ensuring that large animals can attach safely, while small animals can still detach their pads effortlessly. Our results therefore help to explain how nature's climbers maintain a dynamic attachment performance across seven orders of magnitude in body weight.</p>

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Fig. 10 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 10. Mouthparts of first instar female nymph of Arumatia dubia (Caudell, 1904) gen. et comb. nov. hatched from ♀ (MZUSP V0547) from Araguari, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A. Right maxilla, ventral (external) view. B. Left maxilla, dorsal (internal) view. C. Both mandibles, internal view. Abbreviations: Dce = dorsal cutting edge; Ga = galea; Galo = galealobulus; Gra = granules; Lase = lacinial setae; Lat = lacinial teeth; Mtr = microtrichia; Pmx = maxillary palpus; Se = setae; Vce = ventral cutting edge.

Fig. 5 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 5. Thorax morphology of Arumatia dubia (Caudell, 1904) gen. et comb. nov., adult ♀ (MZUSP V0542) from stock from Ibaté, São Paulo, Brazil. A–C. Prothorax, dorsal (A), lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. D. Detail of mesepimeron between meso- and metathorax, lateral view. E. Metathorax and median segment in dorsal view, arrows indicate the length of each segment. Abbreviations: BsI-II = pro- and mesothoracic basisterna; Csc = cervical sclerite; Cx = coxa; Cxp = coxopleurite; Epm = epimeron; Eps = episternum; Fs = prothoracic furcasternite; Mds = median segment; Msn = mesonotum;

Fig. 8 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 8. External genitalia of Arumatia dubia (Caudell, 1904) gen. et comb. nov. A–B. Adult ♀ (MZUSP V0534) from Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views. C. Adult ♀ (MZUSP V0547) from Araguari, Minas Gerais, Brazil, lateral view. Abbreviations: Gap = gonapophysis; Gng = gonangulum; Gpl = gonoplac; Prp = paraproct; Tg = tergum. Scale bars:

Fig. 19 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 19. Arumatia crassicercata Ghirotto, Crispino & Engelking gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP

Fig. 16 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 16. Arumatia anyami Ghirotto, Crispino & Neves gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP 1091), thorax and leg morphology. A. Metathorax and median segment in dorsal view, arrows indicate the length of each segment. B. Right fore tarsus, dorsal view. C. Right mid tarsus, ventral view. D. Right hind tarsus, posteroventral view. Abbreviations: Ar = arolium; Cl = claw; Epm = epimeron; Eps = episternum; FTa = fore tarsomere; HTa = hind tarsomere; Mds = median segment; Msn = mesonotum; MTa = mid

Fig. 14 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 14. Arumatia anyami Ghirotto, Crispino & Neves gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP 1091). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 3. Head morphology of Arumatia dubia (Caudell, 1904) gen. et comb. nov., adult ♀ (MZUSP V0542) from stock from Ibaté, São Paulo, Brazil. A. Head in dorsal view. B. Head in lateral view. C. Head in anterior view. D. Head in ventral view. E. Antennomeres showing three types of setae: very short densely distributed setae (covering the surface area), stiff and straight setae (arrowheads) and porrect transparent setae (arrows). F. Antennomeres showing antennal bump (arrow). Abbreviations: Af = antennal field; Ant = antennomere; Cd = cardo; Cly = clypeus; Csc = cervical sclerite; Eye = compound eye; Fc = frontal convexity; Fs = frontal suture; Ga = galea; Gl = glossa; Gu = gula; Lac = lacinia; Lb = labrum; Md = mandible; Me = mentum; Msn = mesonotum; Pd = pedicellus; Plb = labial palpus; Pme = prementum; Pmx = maxillary palpus; Prn = pronotum; Sc = scapus; Sg = subgena; Sme = submentum; Sti = stipes; Ve = vertex. Scale bars: A–B, D = 1 mm; C, F = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm.

Figures 8-9 from: Chiquetto-Machado PI, Albertoni FF (2017) Description of the female, egg and first instar nymph of the stick insect Paraphasma paulense (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) from Southeast Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20180

Figures 8-9 - Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 egg. SEM images: 8. Frontal view with operculum; 9. Detail of opercular socket and shell surface projections.

Figures 24-28 from: Chiquetto-Machado PI, Albertoni FF (2017) Description of the female, egg and first instar nymph of the stick insect Paraphasma paulense (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) from Southeast Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20180

Figures 24-28 - Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 live specimens. 24, 25. First instar nymph, lateral and dorsal views; 26. Adult female resting; 27. Adult female after releasing the defensive substance, with secretion spread over the thorax; 28. Adult male after spraying the defensive substance backwards, with secretion accumulated on the tegmina spines and mesofemur.

Figures 19-23 from: Chiquetto-Machado PI, Albertoni FF (2017) Description of the female, egg and first instar nymph of the stick insect Paraphasma paulense (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) from Southeast Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20180

Figures 19-23 - Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 adult female. 19, 20. Habitus, dorsal and ventral views; 21. Head; 22, 23. End of abdomen, dorsal and ventral views.

Figures 1-7 from: Chiquetto-Machado PI, Albertoni FF (2017) Description of the female, egg and first instar nymph of the stick insect Paraphasma paulense (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) from Southeast Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20180

Figures 1-7 - Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 egg. 1–3. Lateral, dorsal and frontal (opercular) view, respectively; 4. Schematic illustration of internal micropylar plate; 5. Eggs detached from plastic container with pharate nymph inside; 6, 7. SEM of egg with open operculum; 6. Lateral view; 7. Dorsolateral view showing endochorion and internal face of operculum.

Figures 16-18 from: Chiquetto-Machado PI, Albertoni FF (2017) Description of the female, egg and first instar nymph of the stick insect Paraphasma paulense (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) from Southeast Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20180

Figures 16-18 - Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 habitus of first instar nymph inside the egg. 16. Lateral view; 17. Dorsal view; 18. Ventral view.

Figures 10-15 from: Chiquetto-Machado PI, Albertoni FF (2017) Description of the female, egg and first instar nymph of the stick insect Paraphasma paulense (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) from Southeast Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20180

Figures 10-15 - Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 ultrastructure of egg and internal content. 10. Operculum opened and endochorion surface; (11, 12, 13, 14) pharate first instar nymph: 11. Enclosed in vitelline membrane; 12. With part of the head exposed evidencing nymph integument, embryonic exuvia and vitelline membrane; 13. Integument; 14. Detail of Figure 12; 15. Detail of vitelline membrane surface.

Fig. 24 in The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae)

Fig. 24. Orestes krijnsi sp. nov., adult pair in nature, Nui Chua N.P., 8.VIII.2014.

Fig. 1. Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906 in The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae)

Fig. 1. Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906, nomenclature of cephalic armature.

Fig. 5 in The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae)

Fig. 5. Orestes. spp., distribution map.

Fig. 14 in The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae)

Fig. 14. Orestes diabolicus sp. nov. in nature. A–B, adult male Bidoup Nui-Ba N.P., 25.VII.2014.