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FIGURES 8–10 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 8–10. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 8. Anterior end of oocyte still partly enclosed by follicular tissue, showing micropyle (identified by rectangle). 9. Close-up of micropyle. 10. Anterior end of another oocyte (with micropylar area invaginated, not visible) showing radiating chorionic ornamentation.

FIGURES 43–50 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 43–50. Diagrams of heads, lateral view, and mandibles of mature melectine larvae. 43. Thyreus lieftincki. 44. Thyreus sp. 45–47. Melecta separata callura, and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. 48–50. Zacosmia maculata, head and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 40–42 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 40–42. Right mandible of Xeromelecta californica, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 28, 29 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 28, 29. Microphotographs of cleared mouthparts, right mandible removed, showing left maxilla and labium, approximate frontal view; for explanation of arrows, see text. 28. Anthophora melanognatha. 29. Melecta duodecimmaculata.

FIGURES 19–24 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 19–24. Diagrams of last larval instar of Anthophora melanognatha. 19. Entire larva, lateral view. 20, 21. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 22–24. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 16–18 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 16–18. SEM micrographs of larval head of mature larva of Anthophora melanognatha. 16, 17. Entire head and close-up of antenna showing few sensilla, approximate lateral view. 18. Mouthparts of same, frontal view.

Fig. 9 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 9. Dipsas oreas (Cope). A typically banded specimen from northern Peru (ANSP 31778). The snake is in a defensive posture (see under Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini).

Fig. 17 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 17. Defensive behavior of Sibon argus (AMNH 115927) from 600 m on the continental divide north of El Cope´, Cocle´, Panama. Top: The head is widened when mildly disturbed. Bottom: When further harassed, the snake coiled its body into a symmetrically raised spring, keeping its head hidden in the center.

Fig. 21 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 21. The final stage of defensive behavior in Dipsas nicholsi—a raised coil narrowest at the top, with the head exposed. Over a period of several days, this snake consistently coiled in the same direction (counterclockwise following the coils from above). See figure 1 for another view of the same specimen.

Fig. 5 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 5. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn) from Madden Forest, central Panama. Left: KU 110311 in dorsal and ventral view. Right: KU 110312, above; KU 110313, below.

Fig. 1 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 1. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn), a snaileater endemic to central Panama. Top: A specimen (not collected) photographed in 1974 in the Madden Forest Preserve, by Harry W. Greene. Bottom: Another specimen from Madden Forest, this one in a final stage of defense posturing (see figs. 20–21), photographed in 1966 by C.W. Myers.

Fig. 3 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 3. Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). Representative specimens in dorsal and ventral view. Left: D. v. variegata from Rancho Grande, Venezuela (FMNH 204479, 468 mm SVL). Right: D. v. trinitatis from near Asa Wright Nature Center, Trinidad (FMNH 217217, 419 mm SVL).

Fig. 13 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 13. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger) in dorsal and ventral view. Left: Specimen from Bolívar Province, Ecuador (KU 132503). Right: Specimen from Pichincha province, Ecuador (MCZ 166543).

Fig. 2 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 2. Variation in dorsal head patterns of Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). From top to bottom: AMNH 111075 (Bolívar, Venezuela), AMNH 137584 (Trinidad), AMNH 21275 (Guyana), AMNH 114769 (Bolívar, Venezuela). The cephalic color pattern of Dipsas variegata, which varies from indistinct to blotched, lacks the distinctive Πshaped marking that characterizes D. nicholsi and D. andiana (cf. figs. 4, 8).

Fig. 15 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 15. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). A specimen of unknown locality (AMNH 79013) with an atypical head pattern. See text.

Fig. 19 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 19. Complex defensive behavior in Sibynomorphus mikanii. Top: The head is raised and widened, and the body is inflated, especially obvious at the widened neck (which approaches the dorsoventral hood formation of some snakes). Middle: After continued provoking, the snake has deflated the body and arranged itself into a loose asymmetrical coil or ball, with its head hidden. Bottom: An alternative coil at another time, with the head almost hidden.

Fig. 20 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 20. Initial stages in the defensive coiling of Dipsas nicholsi (KU 110313). Top: Beginning formation of an anterior coil (stage 1). Bottom: Anterior coil complete, posterior coil initiated (stage 2). See text for behavioral sequence in which stage 2 above is replaced by abrupt whipping motions while retaining the forward coil. See figure 21 for stage 3, in which the snake has gathered itself into a single coil.

Fig. 16 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 16. Head widening (triangulation)—the temporary acquisition of triangular head shape by spreading the jaw articulations—a common defensive trait among the Dipsadini and some other snakes. This behavior can also be seen in figures 9 and 17–19. Top: Dipsas viguieri from lowland Madden Forest, central Panama (KU 110317). Bottom: Dipsas temporalis from cloud forest on ridge between Río Jaqué and Río Imamadó, 800– 890 m, Darién, Panama (specimen one of KU 110294–110297).

Fig. 12 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 12. Comparison of head shapes and color patterns in Dipsas andiana and Dipsas oreas at equivalent magnifications. Top: D. andiana (KU 132503, 622 mm total length). Bottom: D. oreas (KU 142803, 629 mm total length). Dipsas andiana has a stereotypical Πshaped pattern on the dorsal surface and is relatively unmarked otherwise, whereas D. oreas has irregularly and heavily pigmented dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head. Dipsas oreas also has angular canthal and supratemporal regions and a relatively longer postorbital region than does D. andiana.

Fig. 18 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 18. Defensive behavior of Sibon nebulatus from the Río, Jaque´, 1.5 km above Río Imamado´, 50 m, Darién, Panama (KU 112474). Top: An initial stage with posteriorly widened head. Middle: Passive coil with widened head exposed. Bottom: An alternative coil with head (still widened) concealed.